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Osservatorio Nazionale Sharing Mobility (Roma). Lanciato nel settembre 2015, è promosso dal Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare, dal Ministero delle Infrastrutture
e dei Trasporti e dalla Fondazione per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile.
Shared-Use Mobility Center (Chicago/Los Angeles). A public-interest nonprofit dedicated to creating a multimodal transportation system that works for all.
SHARED MOBILITY - MOBILITA' CONDIVISA, SMART MOBILITY
Hyunhong Choi, Stephen Youngjun Park, HyungBin Moon,
The shared mobility services ban in South Korea: Consumer preferences and social opportunity cost.
Travel Behaviour and Society 28 (2022) 214-226 (13 p.) [formato PDF, 1,7 MB]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2022.04.006
"With the advancement of information and communication technologies and the emergence of sharing economy, various shared mobility services have been introduced in many countries and some are
achieving rapid growth. However, in South Korea, shared mobility services that were once introduced are now banned by laws and regulations following extreme opposition from taxi drivers and heated
social conflict. This study analyzed consumer preferences for key technological and non-technological attributes that consists vehicle-based mobility services to investigate the social cost related
to the ban. To be specific, this study evaluated the social opportunity cost of the ban on shared mobility services in South Korea and investigated the impact of potential options that may improve
existing mobility services and minimize costs for various demographic groups. The results show that carpooling and professional ride-hailing services could assume significant amount of taxis' current
market share if they were fully available. This implies that significant social opportunity cost may be incurred from the ban as consumers are unable to use the services they want. In particular,
females tended to have a higher cost than males, and the cost appeared to increase by age. The choice probability for banned mobility services (social opportunity cost) of the female older adult
is the highest (73.8%) among consumer groups. Moreover, this study suggests that providing incentives to induce taxis' electrification and strictly regulating and managing taxi drivers' service
quality could be a useful strategy for policymakers to minimize the social costs of the ban on shared mobility services."
Uta Burghard, Aline Scherrer (Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovations Research),
Sharing vehicles or sharing rides - Psychological factors influencing the acceptance of carsharing and ridepooling in Germany.
Energy Policy 164 (2022) 112874 (14 p.) [formato PDF, 1,9 MB]. Open Access.
"Shared mobility has the potential to reduce private car use and can thereby contribute to a mobility transition which reduces energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time,
shared mobility services still have a niche existence - even in major cities. If the goal is to establish shared mobility as a significant part of the mobility system, a key question is which
factors determine the acceptance of individual services. Can perceived innovation-specific factors that can be more directly influenced by policies explain differences in attitudes and acceptance
or does the explanatory power lie with psychological dispositions that are more difficult to change by policies? Do these factors apply in general or differ between different sharing services? We
investigate these questions based on a survey study in major German cities to analyse the acceptance of two car-based shared mobility services, carsharing and ridepooling, in society (N = 1,531).
The data analysis based on two path models shows that perceived compatibility with daily life is the most important factor related to the acceptance of carsharing and ridepooling. Perceived ease
of use positively affects the general attitude towards both services. We conclude that our findings offer potential intervention routes for policies that increase the acceptance of shared mobility.
The prerequisites for the services to contribute to a reduction in energy consumption in the transport sector are also discussed."
Jia-Wei Hu, Felix Creutzig,
A systematic review on shared mobility in China.
International Journal of Sustainable Transportation (2021), 16 p. [formato PDF, 2,4 MB].
"The last decade witnessed a rapid rise in shared mobility in China. However, there is lack of understanding how the shared mobility market developed, how shared mobility reshapes daily
travel patterns, and what shared mobility contributes, if at all, to environmental goals, and in particular climate change mitigation. Here, we systematically review the state of shared mobility
in China, scoping 2541 English paper and 12,140 Chinese research papers. We differentiate between ride hailing, car sharing, and bike sharing and analyze the factors shaping shared mobility
patterns from the four perspectives of consumers, service providers, the government, and the environment. We also elaborate on governance measures guiding shared mobility and investigate the
impact of future shared mobility on a potential low-carbon transportation system transition, highlighting the key role of bike sharing and shared pooled mobility. We show that COVID-19 reduced
demand for car hailing, but rendered bike sharing more popular. This work provides a systematic guidance for the future development of shared mobility, and its possibility to contribute to
climate change mitigation."
Xiao Qin and Wei Wang (Research Institute of Highway Ministry of Transport),
Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS): Comparative analysis of country-specific offerings between Germany and China.
E3S Web of Conferences 145, 02016 (2020), 9 p. [formato PDF, 1,5 MB]. Open Access.
"This study focuses on mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) and services. The country-specific differences, which relate to mobility behaviour and supply, as well as the importance of MaaS in Germany
and China, are summarised and illustrated by: that the development of MaaS by analysing the current state of mobility offers in Germany and China must be closely compared. With the help of
service-dominant logic, self-determination theories and cultural dimensions theory, customer wishes and mobility behaviour are taken into account and discussed in the development of the MaaS, so
that one can explore how MaaS responds accordingly and how such offers change. Today's services on the market are presented and summarised, they are public transport, biking, car, ride-sharing,
etc. Furthermore, the importance is to be analysed by examining the influence and synergy of the MaaS on the micro, meso and macro levels. The reasons for country-specific differences and own
development problems can then be discussed. Finally, the trend towards future development is based on the previous analysis and some recommendations are to be offered for the optimisation of the
MaaS offers and their implementation."
Susan Shaheen, Adam Cohen, Michael Randolph, Emily Farrar, Richard Davis, Aqshems Nichols,
Shared Mobility Policy Playbook.
Transportation Sustainability Research Center (TSRC), University of California, Berkeley, December 2019, 224 p. [formato PDF, 8 MB].
"This Shared Mobility Policy Playbook provides an introduction and definitions of shared
mobility services, mode-specific resources for agencies looking to develop policies in their
community, and policy-focused tools demonstrating case studies and best practices for shared mobility".
Gregory D. Erhardt, Sneha Roy, Drew Cooper, Bhargava Sana, Mei Chen and Joe Castiglione,
Do transportation network companies decrease or increase congestion?.
Science Advances 2019;5:eaau2670 (12 p.) [formato PDF, 6,6 MB]. Open Access.
"This research examines whether transportation network companies (TNCs), such as Uber and Lyft, live up to their stated vision of reducing congestion in major cities. Existing research
has produced conflicting results and has been hampered by a lack of data. Using data scraped from the application programming interfaces of two TNCs, combined with observed travel time data, we
find that contrary to their vision, TNCs are the biggest contributor to growing traffic congestion in San Francisco. Between 2010 and 2016, weekday vehicle hours of delay increased by 62% compared
to 22% in a counterfactual 2016 scenario without TNCs. The findings provide insight into expected changes in major cities as TNCs continue to grow, informing decisions about how to integrate TNCs
into the existing transportation system."
Marcin Szamatowicz and Joshua Paundra (Erasmus University Rotterdam),
Access or Ownership? The effect of car attributes and collective psychological ownership on the preference for car subscription services.
Psychological Research on Urban Society, 2019, Vol. 2(1): 159-173 (15 p.) [formato PDF, 397 kB]. Open Access.
"The variety of alternative transportation services for urban commuters continues to expand with the introduction of car subscription services. Under the header of the sharing economy, car
subscription services enable drivers to have access to cars without ownership for a relatively longer time period (e.g. months), when compared to other sharing economy based transportation services.
Based on a mixed of between- and within-subject design online experiment involving 274 participants, this study investigates this novel service by looking at the moderating influence of collective
psychological ownership to various traditional and upcoming subscribed car features namely, mileage limit, price, self-driving capability, and advance safety systems, on people's preference for car
subscription services. Results suggested that these features significantly impacted people's preference for subscribed car. Collective psychological ownership was found to moderate the influence of
self-driving capability and advance safety systems. That is, high collective psychological ownership individuals preferred subscribed car with self-driving capability or had more concerned to the
unavailability of advance safety systems in a subscribed car. This study points to the need for car subscription companies to consider traditional (price and mileage limit) as well as upcoming
(self-driving capability and advance safety systems) features, when offering their services and enticing potential users. More importantly, the moderating influence of collective psychological
ownership on these upcoming car features means car subscription companies should account for people's psychological disposition to their own vehicle when considering additional car features to
effectively attract new users."
Cláudia A. Soares Machado, Nicolas Patrick Marie de Salles Hue, Fernando Tobal Berssaneti and José Alberto Quintanilha,
An Overview of Shared Mobility. Review.
Sustainability 2018, 10(12), 4342 (21 p.) [formato PDF, 1,6 MB]. Open Access.
"In a wider understanding, shared mobility can be defined as trip alternatives that aim to maximize the utilization of the mobility resources that a society can pragmatically afford,
disconnecting their usage from ownership. Then, shared mobility is the short-term access to shared vehicles according to the user's needs and convenience. The contributions and added value
of this paper are to provide an up-to-date and well-structured review on the area of shared mobility to researchers and practitioners of the transport sector. Hence, this paper presents a
bibliographical review of shared mobility and its diverse modalities, as an alternative to individual transportation, especially in cases of individual automobiles or short trips restricted
to an urban city. The present literature review on shared modes of transportation has discovered that the introduction of these modes alone will not solve transportation problems in large
cities, with elevated and growing motorization rates. However, it can among the strategies employed to help alleviate the problems caused by traffic jams and pollution by reducing the
number of vehicles in circulation, congestions, and the urban emission of polluting gases. Thus, the implementation of shared mobility schemes offers the potential to enhance the efficiency,
competitiveness, social equity, and quality of life in cities. This paper covers the fundamental aspects of vehicle and/or ride sharing in urban centers, and provides an overview of current
shared mobility systems."
Osservatorio Nazionale sulla Sharing Mobility,
La Sharing mobility in Italia: numeri, fatti e potenzialità. 1° rapporto nazionale 2016.
Fondazione per lo sviluppo sostenibile, Roma, 2016, 276 p. [formato PDF, 18,4 MB].
Shared Mobility and the Transformation of Public Transit. Research Analysis.
Shared-Use Mobility Center (SUMC), Chicago, IL, March 2016, 39 p. [formato PDF, 14,4 MB].
Prepared for the American Public Transportation Association (APTA).
"Technology is transforming transportation. The ability to conveniently request, track, and pay for trips via mobile devices is changing the way people get around and interact
with cities. This report examines the relationship of public transportation to shared modes, including bikesharing, carsharing, and ridesourcing services provided by companies such as
Uber and Lyft. This research shows that the more people use shared modes, the more likely they are to use public transit, own fewer cars, and spend less on transportation overall."
International Transport Forum,
Shared Mobility. Innovation for Liveable Cities. (Corporate Partnership Board Report).
OECD, Paris, 2016, 56 p. [formato PDF, 1,6 MB].
"The way in which people move has undergone several revolutions in the past: from walking on foot, to
animal-powered mobility, to vehicles propelled by combustion engines using fossil fuels. Today the next
mobility revolution is underway, based on the use of real-time streams of data that make it easier and
more efficient to provide citizens with optimised access to their cities. This report investigates one particular
scenario that evidence suggests could occur: the large-scale deployment of shared vehicle fleets that provide on-demand transport.
Building on our 2015 report Urban Mobility System Upgrade: How Shared Self-driving Cars Could Change
City Traffic, this study models the impact of replacing all car and bus trips in a city with mobility provided
through fleets of shared vehicles. The simulation is, again, based on real mobility and network data from a
mid-size European city, namely Lisbon, Portugal. In this follow-up study, we examine a different
configuration where shared mobility is delivered by a fleet of six-seat vehicles ("Shared Taxis") that offer
on-demand, door-to-door shared rides in conjunction with a fleet of eight-person and 16-person mini-buses
("Taxi-Buses") that serve pop-up stops on demand and provide transfer-free rides. Rail and subway
services keep operating in the current pattern.
The simulation looks at impacts on the number of vehicles required and the total kilometres driven, and the
effects on congestions, CO 2 emissions and use of public space. Additionally - and crucially - it also
examines how citizens experience the new shared services and how they affect social inclusion measured in
the level of accessibility of jobs, schools and health services."
Susan Shaheen, Nelson Chan, Apaar Bansal, Adam Cohen (UC Berkeley),
Shared Mobility: Definitions, Industry Developments, and Early Understanding. [White paper].
Transportation Sustainability Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, November 2015, 30 p. [formato PDF, 1,14 MB].
"Shared mobility – the shared use of a vehicle, bicycle, or other mode – is an innovative transportation strategy that enables users to gain short-term access to transportation modes on an “as-needed” basis. The term shared mobility includes various forms of carsharing, bikesharing, ridesharing (carpooling and vanpooling), and on-demand ride services. It can also include alternative transit services, such as paratransit, shuttles, and private transit services, called microtransit, which can supplement fixed-route bus and rail services. With many new options for mobility emerging, so have the smartphone “apps” that aggregate these options and optimize routes for travelers. In addition to innovative travel modes, new ways of transporting and delivering goods have emerged. These “courier network services” have the potential to change the nature of the package and food delivery industry. Shared mobility has had a transformative impact on many global cities by enhancing transportation accessibility, while simultaneously reducing driving and personal vehicle ownership.
A number of environmental, social, and transportation-related benefits have been reported due to the use of various shared mobility modes. Several studies have documented the reduction of vehicle usage, ownership, and vehicle miles or kilometers traveled (VMT/VKT). More research is needed, nevertheless, to further understand impacts on a city and regional level and across the wide range of shared mobility modes.
Shared mobility could also extend the catchment area of public transit, potentially playing a pivotal role in bridging gaps in existing transportation networks and encouraging multi-modality by addressing the first-and-last mile issue related to public transit access. Furthermore, shared mobility could also provide economic benefits in the form of household cost savings, increased economic activity near public transit stations and multi-modal hubs, and increased access.
This white paper includes an introduction and background to different types of shared modes, as well as smartphone-based trip planning apps that can facilitate access to public transit and shared mobility services. This paper also notes where potential benefits of shared mobility could align with the new mission of the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), which is to “Provide a safe, sustainable, integrated, and efficient transportation system to enhance California’s economy and livability” (Caltrans, 2015a). We conclude the paper with a summary and provide an appendix with a glossary of terms and a list of the shared mobility models, including a range of companies in each sector."
Fabian Gorke,
Governing the Sharing. Sharing Economy on the Verge of Becoming a Public Policy Issue.
Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster / University of Twente, Münster, 23.09.2015, 34 p. [formato PDF, 771 kB].
"The paper is structured as follows: First, the theoretical framework is outlined. It starts with a theoretical depiction of Sharing Economy thereby defining central characteristics.
Subsequently, the analytical tool of the policy cycle is explained as well as the mechanisms and ideas of partisan theory. Second, the research design and method are introduced
discussing the choice of cases, units of analysis and categories. It is further outlined how the empirical analysis is conducted. Third, the results of the content analysis are described and
the status quo of the share of votes among the governmental parties is presented. Then, the results of Germany and the United Kingdom and the respective partisan situation are
compared, discussed and put in relation to the theoretical framework. Last, the paper is completed with a concluding remark."
Peter Viechnicki, Abhijit Khuperkar, Tiffany Dovey Fishman, William D. Eggers,
Smart mobility. Reducing congestion and fostering faster, greener, and cheaper transportation options. Deloitte University Press, May 2015, 48 p. [formato PDF, 2,54 MB].
"New business models inspired by the sharing economy and disruptive technologies are ushering in an exciting new age in transportation: the era of smart mobility. The arrival of on-demand ride services like Uber and Lyft, real-time ridesharing services such as Carma and Zimride, carsharing programs such as Zipcar and car2go, bike sharing programs, and thousands of miles of new urban bike lanes are all changing how people get around.
Commuters no longer need to own a car to have one at their disposal. They don’t have to pre-arrange carpools to share a ride with others headed in the same direction. They needn’t wait for a ride home when it’s pouring down rain and there’s not an empty cab in sight.
For their part, automakers increasingly see themselves as both product manufacturers and mobility services companies. In addition to developing next-generation connected and autonomous vehicles that will improve traffic flows and safety, automakers are investing in a wide swath of new mobility services—everything from carsharing and rental services to multimodal trip-planning apps.
There's no question that consumers have been the primary beneficiaries of new mobility services. The question facing urban planners is how today’s expanded mobility ecosystem can help advance public policy goals such as encouraging higher productivity and reducing congestion, while bringing related benefits such as fewer traffic accidents, better air quality, and a smaller urban footprint for parking.
Can alternative transportation modes help metropolitan areas reduce traffic congestion without spending tens of billions of dollars on new roads, tunnels, and light rail? And if so, what are the most promising strategies? Which approaches work best in which cities? How can automakers and transportation officials work together to address changing mobility needs?
These are just a few of the questions our analysis attempts to answer.
This study takes a data-driven look at what metropolitan areas can gain from expanded mobility ecosystems. We compare alternative approaches from ridesharing to biking, and explore how governments can focus scarce investment dollars on areas where they can do the most good."
Urban Mobility System Upgrade. How shared self-driving cars could change city traffic. (Corporate Partnership Board Report).
International Transport Forum, Paris, April 2015, 36 p. [formato PDF, 1,86 MB].
"This report examines the changes that might result from the large-scale uptake of a shared and self-driving
fleet of vehicles in a mid-sized European city. The study explores two different self-driving vehicle concepts,
for which we have coined the terms “TaxiBot” and “AutoVot”. TaxiBots are self-driving cars that can be
shared simultaneously by several passengers. AutoVots pick-up and drop-off single passengers
sequentially. We had two premises for this study: First, the urban mobility system upgrade with a fleet of
TaxiBots and AutoVots should deliver the same trips as today in terms of origin, destination and timing.
Second, it should also replace all car and bus trips. The report looks at impacts on car fleet size, volume of
travel and parking requirements over two different time scales: a 24-hour average and for peak hours only."
Michael Kodransky, Gabriel Lewenstein,
Connecting Low-Income People to Opportunities with Shared Mobility.
Living Cities, ITDP (Institute for Transportation and Development Policy), December 2014, 41 p. [formato 1,54 MB]
"This report is a survey of existing shared mobility strategies and their attempt to expand services to low-income individuals. It is our hope that the findings can inform operators, government agencies, funders, non-profit organizations and others as they try to tap into the potential of shared mobility strategies to improve the lives of low-income individuals."
BIKE SHARING (SISTEMI PER L'USO CONDIVISO DI BICICLETTE)
João Filipe Teixeira, Cecília Silva, Frederico Moura e Sá,
The role of bike sharing during the coronavirus pandemic: An analysis of the mobility patterns and perceptions of Lisbon's GIRA users.
Transportation Research Part A 159 (2022) 17-34 (18 p.) [formato PDF, 4,2 MB].
"COVID-19 has dramatically impacted urban mobility, of which public transport (PT) has been particularly affected. With PT ridership plummeting due to infection fears and many people returning
to work, there is a danger of a steep rise in car use that would exacerbate environmental and health problems. Therefore, other modes such as bike sharing should be considered as potential
alternatives during the coronavirus pandemic.
This study focuses on assessing how coronavirus has impacted bike sharing by implementing a travel behaviour survey to the users of GIRA, the bike sharing system (BSS) of Lisbon. While the
coronavirus has led some to decrease the frequency of use or quit the system, other users have increased the usage or joined GIRA during the pandemic. Furthermore, most users who have quit or
decreased the usage of GIRA justify their decision not so much on avoiding the risk of infection (although for some it is an important reason) but on having stopped commuting due to COVID-19.
The survey has also revealed substantial changes not only on the usage patterns of GIRA users but also on their relationship with other modes of transport. While before the pandemic, most
respondents were shifting from PT to GIRA, that percentage has declined, with an increase on the share of users replacing walking, private car, and personal cycling. Moreover, the motivations
for using bike sharing related with avoiding PT and maintaining a social distance during the trip have gained more relevance. Concurrently, the perceived safety of using PT has drastically
declined, and while the perceived safety of using GIRA has also decreased it was in a much smaller scale.
Policy insights can be derived from this research on how bike sharing can contribute to a more sustainable and resilient urban transport system. During infectious public health crises such as
COVID-19, BSS can be a viable transport alternative, not only providing the population with an affordable mode of transport where social distancing can be maintained in most of the trip but
also mitigating a modal shift from PT to the private car."
Fabian Dorner, Martin Berger (Technische Universität Wien),
Peer-to-Peer Cargo Bike Sharing: Findings from LARA Share project.
Proceedings of 8th Transport Research Arena TRA 2020, April 27-30, 2020, Helsinki, Finland, 12 p. [formato PDF, 427 kB].
"Cargo bikes are bicycles that are optimized for transporting heavy weights and large volumes. The associated possibility of shifting transport from vehicles with internal combustion engines
makes them a promising option for climate-friendly and environment friendly inner-city transport. Sharing could play a central role in helping cargo bikes to expand out of their current niche.
The full potential that results from peer-to-peer sharing is still hardly tapped for cargo bike sharing. As part of the LARA Share project, a platform for peer-to-peer sharing of freight bikes
and suitable parking spaces was developed and a pilot project implemented. As basis for the design of the platform a survey among potential users was conducted. This article presents the results
of the survey regarding user structure, their attitudes towards cargo bikes and the intention to use cargo bike sharing. Additionally, we present supply and demand for cargo bikes on the sharing
platform during the pilot phase and discuss reasons why demand for borrowing them has remained below expectations. Possible reasons for this as well as organisational and legal challenges are
discussed and essential barriers for the provision of parking spaces for freight bikes via the platform will be presented."
Yingnan Jia, Ding Ding, Klaus Gebel, Lili Chen, Sen Zhang, Zhicong Ma, Hua Fu,
Effects of new dock-less bicycle-sharing programs on cycling: a retrospective study in Shanghai.
BMJ Open 2019;9:e024280 (9 p.) [formato PDF, 420 kB]. Open Access.
Urs Bolz,
Öffentliche Veloverleihsysteme in der Schweiz. Entwicklungen und Geschäftsmodelle - ein Praxisbericht. Materialien Langsamverkehr Nr. 137.
Bundesamt für Strassen, ASTRA, Bereich Langsamverkehr und historische Verkehrswege, Bern, Juni 2018, 43 p., [formato PDF, 1,2 MB].
"2018 zeichnet sich bei den Veloverleihsystemen in der Schweiz ein Entwicklungsschub ab. Nach längeren Rechtsverfahren starteten die Städte Zürich und Bern ihre Systeme mit je über
2000 Velos, und auch in anderen Städten sind Beschaffungsverfahren im Gange oder in Planung. Parallel dazu drängen verschiedene Anbietende mit stationsungebundenen Veloverleihangeboten
(sogenannten Free-Floating-Systeme) auf den Markt, die zum Teil etablierte Systeme konkurrenzieren.
Der vorliegende Berichts ist eine Bestandsaufnahme aus den bisherigen Erfahrungen mit der Einführung, Gebrauch und Betrieb von Veloverleihsystemen in Schweizer Städten. Der Fokus liegt
dabei auf den neuen Erkenntnissen aus diesen Projekten, mit Einschluss der sich stellenden rechtlichen Fragen."
Burkhard Horn, Alexander Jung,
Bikesharing im Wandel. Handlungsempfehlungen für deutsche Städte und Gemeinden zum Umgang mit stationslosen Systemen.
Agora Verkehrswende, Berlin, Juni 2018, 36 p., [formato PDF, 998 kB].
"Bikesharing stellt einen wichtigen Baustein eines nachhatigen urbanen Mobilitätskonzeptes dar. Es kann in relevantem Umfang zur Reduzierung des innerstädtischen Autoverkehrs beitragen,
insbesondere als Teil inter- und multimodaler Wegeketten in Verknüpfung mit dem Öffentlichen Personennahverkehr (ÖPNV) für die erste oder letzte Meile sowie beim Zurücklegen kurzer
Alltags- und Freizeitwege. Dies gilt grundsätzlich auch für die neuen stationslosen Systeme von Anbietern vor allem aus Ostasien, die seit
2017 verstärkt auf den deutschen Markt drängen. Vor allem für kleine und mittelgroße Städte sowie peripherere Lagen von Großstädten bieten sie neue Chancen für ein breiteres
Sharing-Angebot, aber auch in größeren Städten können sie sich als komplementäres Angebot zu bestehenden Systemen eignen. Die ersten Erfahrungen
mit den neuen Systemen haben allerdings auch gezeigt, dass ein gewisses Maß an Steuerung durch die Kommunen erforderlich ist: Nur so lassen sich ihre Potenziale
gezielt nutzen und die erkennbar gewordenen Herausforderungen (etwa die Übernutzung des öffentlichen Raums oder betriebliche Probleme) bewältigen.
Entscheidend für den Erfolg stationsloser Bikesharing-Systeme auch aus kommunaler Sicht ist die enge Kommunikation und Kooperation zwischen der öffentlichen
Hand und den Anbietern. Ergebnis dieser Zusammenarbeit sollte möglichst eine Vereinbarung sein, die wesentliche Elemente des Aufbaus und des Betriebs des
jeweiligen Systems möglichst verbindlich regelt (soweit möglich auch rechtlich, etwa über Sondernutzungsregelungen) und dessen Einbindung in das gesamtstädtische Mobilitätskonzept
sicherstellt. Die Städte und Gemeinden können diesbezüglich auch Anreize setzen. Die vorliegende Handreichung enthält Anforderungen und zahlreiche Hinweise zur Ausgestaltung solcher
Vereinbarungen. Jede Kommune kann dabei eine spezifische, auf die lokalen Verhältnisse angepasste Lösung entwickeln.
In die Handlungsempfehlungen ist eine Reihe von Erkenntnissen eingeflossen, die sich aus den bisherigen Erfahrungen verschiedener Städte und Gemeinden
ergeben haben. Die Handlungsempfehlungen sind mit entsprechenden Praxisbeispielen hinterlegt. Allerdings liegen bislang nur wenige auch längerfristige Erfahrungen und empirisch belastbare
Evaluierungen zur Wirkung der stationslosen Bikesharing-Systeme vor. Hier besteht Forschungsbedarf. Dies gilt auch in Hinblick auf den Rechtsrahmen, dessen zielgerichtete Veränderung
den Abschluss belastbarer Vereinbarungen und Verfahren deutlich erleichtern könnte."
Mobike,
How Cycling Changes Cities. Insights on how bikesharing supports urban development. Mobike's Second White Paper.
Mobike, 2018, 32 p., [formato PDF, 7,3 MB].
"Through big data analysis using innovative IoT technology, and a sophisticated artificial intelligence platform - Mobike are able to gain insight into how cycling becoming more
accessible in our cities can impact and change our cities for the better; and thereby significantly improves the quality of life of their residents. This most recent white paper focuses
on 12 major Mobike cities across 4 continents: London, Shanghai, Singapore, Milan, Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shenzhen. Washington D.C., Sapporo, Berlin and Sydney."
Hwajin Kim, Yooncheong Cho,
Analysis of the Bicycle-Sharing Economy : Strategic Issues for Sustainable Development of Society.
Journal of Distribution Science, 2018, vol.16, no.7, pp.5-16 (12 p.), [formato PDF, 286 kB]. Open Access.
"Purpose. This study posits that sustainable mobility of the sharing economy plays a key role to consider environment
benefits. The purpose of this study is to investigate the bicycle-sharing economy as an emerging and alternative mode of
transportation service and provide managerial and policy implications. The bicycle-sharing economy is still at an early stage
of introduction as a transportation mode, while the governmental sector is promoting public bicycle-sharing to encourage
bicycle as a substitute for private cars.
Research design, data, and methodology. This study analyzed the current status of bicycle sharing programs through a
survey that was distributed randomly to users and non-users across the country. Using factor analysis, satisfaction and
loyalty for the existing users and intention to use and expected satisfaction for the potential users were examined in relation
to utility factors.
Results. The results show that economic utility affects satisfaction for user, while storage, mobility, and economic utility
affects intention to use for potential users. The findings of this study indicate that in order to promote a bicycle-sharing
scheme, it would be better to focus on the scheme's economic advantage to be truly effective.
Conclusions. The findings of the study could be applicable to future directions of the sharing economy as a means to
achieve the sustainable development of society."
Kees van Goeverden, Gonçalo Correia (Delft University of Technology),
Potential of peer-to-peer bike sharing for relieving bike parking capacity shortage at train stations: an explorative analysis for the Netherlands.
EJTIR 2018 (in print), 19 p., [formato PDF, 647 kB].
"In the Netherlands, many (mainly larger) train stations suffer from capacity shortages for bicycle parking as the result of a large increase in the use of the bicycle as a feeder
mode. Sharing of parked bicycles with arriving train passengers who are in need of a bicycle for some time would decrease the number of parked bicycles and reduce the capacity shortage. The
paper explores to which extent sharing of these bicycles relieves the capacity problem by investigating the maximum potential for reducing the peak of parked bicycles. This is the potential
of the case when all considered participants (bicycle owners and those who are in need for a bicycle) are willing to share. The analyses are based on data of the Dutch National Travel Survey.
The main result is that the potential is likely to be modest. The estimated maximum is for the large stations between 13% and 50%, the actual potential is likely to be significantly lower.
The large range for the maximum can partly be explained by the uncertainty about the number of arriving train passengers that might shift to the bicycle for the last mile if sharing increases
bicycle availability. A second result is that sharing can have a significant effect on the distribution of parked bicycles over the day. The current peak halfway the day can turn into a dip
between two peaks in the traditional morning and evening peak hours."
Ashwani Kumar, Kwong Meng Teo, Amedeo R. Odoni,
A Systems Perspective of Cycling and Bike-sharing Systems in Urban Mobility. 30th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society. St. Gallen, Switzerland, 22-26 July 2012.
14 p. [formato PDF, 550 kB].
"Urban mobility is a prevalent problem in many cities around the world. Cycling offers a fast and
cheap transportation option for short-distance trips, with smaller carbon and physical footprint
than driving a car. Cycling can also encourage a modal shift from private car to public transport
by providing efficient last mile connections. This has led to a renewed interest to promote cycling
in cities, manifesting in a growing number of bike-sharing projects with larger bicycle fleets.
However, the economic sustainability of these bike-sharing systems has not been demonstrated.
Moreover, city governments may invest resources in bike-sharing projects at the expense of
developing policies or infrastructure to improve cycling safety and convenience. We take a
systems perspective to study how bike-sharing and other policies can influence cycling as a
transport mode in the urban mobility problem. We observe that while bike-sharing projects may
increase cycling level and generate public demand for better cycling infrastructure in the short
run, loss-making bike-sharing projects can discourage the infrastructure investments over the
long-run, thereby hampering cycle adoption. Public funds should not be invested in bike-sharing
programs at the cost of cycling infrastructure. Instead, governments should facilitate
economically viable bike-sharing systems by the private sector through adoption of appropriate
policies. Investments in cycling infrastructure should come first."
Sofie Erlandsson, Olivia Hägglöf,
Electric Bicycles in Bike-Share Systems. An Investigation of the Potential for Electric Bicycles in Gothenburg's Bike-Share System Styr & Ställ.
Master's Thesis in the Master's Programme Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 2016, 107 p. [formato PDF, 3,7 MB].
"Gothenburg is growing geographically as well as population-wise and experiences a densification. Solutions for sustainable transportation are needed, and a way to promote
this is by having a bike-share system (BSS). Today Gothenburg has a BSS with conventional bicycles, Styr & Ställ, located in the city centre. Due to the growing city
the system might need to develop and expand. This thesis investigates the potential of e-bikes in Styr & Ställ and the possibilities to expand the system due to e-bikes. This
both include an extensive literature review on BSS, interviews and case studies with European cities with electric BSS, and analysis of where to develop the system
geographically.
It is found that there are some topographic limitations in the current system in Gothenburg, which can be approached by e-bikes. It is also possible to go further with
an e-bike and therefore include more areas in the system. With e-bikes more and other groups of users can be reached, for instance older people, physically limited people, or
people in context that do not want to arrive sweaty.
Analyses were done in order to find suitable areas for an expanded BSS. The expansion areas that were found for the system are mainly the sub-districts Majorna, Masthugget,
Frölunda Torg, Krokslätt, Lunden Olskroken, Gamlestaden, Lindholmen and Rambergsstaden. This is an overall radial expansion except from a corridor towards
Frölunda Torg and Gamlestaden. Furthermore, stations based on destinations of interests such as public transport nodes, parks, squares, universities, and working places
were suggested and located.
The conclusion is that there is a potential for electric bicycles in Styr & Ställ and that the system should be combined with both conventional and electric bicycles, in order
to approach a broader user group. The system is also recommended to expand to the areas mentioned above. People that already use the BSS will be able to continue to use
it in the same way, and people that prefer an e-bike in order to cycle, will them too have a socially, economic, and environmentally sustainable transport alternative that also
improves the public health."
Elliot Martin, Adam Cohen, Jan L. Botha, Susan Shaheen,
Bikesharing and Bicycle Safety.
Mineta Transportation Institute, San José, CA, March 2016, 94 p. [formato PDF, 3,2 MB].
"The growth of bikesharing in the United States has had a transformative impact on urban transportation. Major cities have established large bikesharing
systems, including Boston, Chicago, Denver, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, New York City, Salt Lake City, the San Francisco Bay Area, Seattle, Washington DC, and
others. These systems began operating as early as 2010, and no fatalities have occurred within the US as of this writing. However, three have happened in
North America-two in Canada and one in Mexico. Bikesharing has some qualities that appear inherently unsafe for bicyclists. Most prominently, helmet usage
is documented to be quite low in most regions. Bikesharing is also used by irregular bicyclists who are less familiar with the local terrain. In this study,
researchers take a closer look at bikesharing safety from qualitative and quantitative perspectives. Through a series of four focus groups, they discussed
bikesharing usage and safety with bikesharing members and nonmembers in the Bay Area. They further engaged experts nationwide from a variety of fields to
evaluate their opinions and perspectives on bikesharing and safety. Finally, researchers conducted an analysis of bicycle and bikesharing activity data, as
well as bicycle and bikesharing collisions to evaluate injury rates associated with bikesharing when compared with benchmarks of personal bicycling. The data
analysis found that collision and injury rates for bikesharing are lower than previously computed rates for personal bicycling. Experts and focus group
participants independently pointed to bikesharing rider behavior and bikesharing bicycle design as possible factors. In particular, bikesharing bicycles are
generally designed in ways that promote stability and limited speeds, which mitigate the conditions that contribute to collisions. Data analysis also
explored whether there was evidence of a "safety in numbers benefit" that resulted from bikesharing activity. However, no significant impact from bikesharing
activity on broader bicycle collisions could be found within the regions in which they operate. Discussion and recommendations are presented in the
conclusion."
Jacob Mason, Lew Fulton, Zane McDonald,
A Global High Shift Cycling Scenario. The Potential for Dramatically Increasing Bicycle and E-bike Use in Cities Around the World, with Estimated Energy, CO2, and Cost Impacts.
ITDP (Institute for Transportation & Development Policy) and University of California, Davis, 12 November 2015, 42 p. [formato PDF, 1,50 MB].
Research commissioned by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), the European Cyclists’ Federation (ECF), and the Bicycle Product Suppliers Association (BPSA).
"This report presents a new look at the future of cycling for urban transportation (rather than recreation), and the potential contribution it could make to mobility as well as sustainability. The results show that a world with a dramatic increase in cycling could save society US$24 trillion cumulatively between 2015 and 2050, and cut CO2 emissions from urban passenger transport by nearly 11 percent in 2050 compared to a High Shift scenario without a strong cycling emphasis."
José I. Castillo-Manzano, Mercedes Castro-Nuño, Lourdes López Valpuesta (University of Seville, Spain)
The relationship between public and private bicycle use: the case of Seville,
RSAI/ERSA 2015 Barcelona Workshop on Regional and Urban Economics, 26th-27th November 2015, University of Barcelona, 21 p. [formato PDF, 503 kB]
"Despite the success achieved by Public Bicycle Sharing Systems (PBSS) across the world, several researchers provide evidence on their limitations and constraints in a medium-long term, and bicycle ownership may be considered as a complementary tool to promote a 'bicycle-culture'. This paper aims to cover the gap about the interaction between both systems (public bicycle / private bicycle) and which are the key aspects to explain the bicycle-buying decision. After a fieldwork based on surveys conducted in Seville (Spain), one of the cities currently acknowledged worldwide for its successful policy of promoting cycling, we apply a Discrete Choice Model. Our findings show that among the socio-demographic factors that favor the move from the PBSS to the private bicycle are: having a higher level of education, being more progressive ideologically-speaking, and being a resident of the city itself; while age and gender do not appear to be conclusive. Experienced users, for whom the bicycle is a part of his /her healthy lifestyle, state a greater willingness to buy a bicycle. And the main obstacles to make the jump from the PBSS to the private bicycle, and that any action plan to support private bicycle usage should take into account, are: the lack of proper parking at the origin/destination, and fear of theft."
Philipp Aeschbach, Xiaojing Zhang, Angelos Georghiou, and John Lygeros (ETH Zurich),
Balancing Bike Sharing Systems through Customer Cooperation – A Case Study on London’s Barclays Cycle Hire.
Paper, IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, Osaka, Japan, Dec 15-18, 2015, 6 p. [formato PDF, 812 kB].
"A growing number of cities worldwide have been installing public bike sharing systems, offering citizens a flexible and green alternative of mobility. In most bike sharing systems, customers rent and return bikes at different stations, without prior notification of the system operator. As a consequence, bike systems often become unbalanced, leaving some stations either completely empty or full. In such a case, customers either cannot pick up or return their bikes, resulting in a low service level. Typically, system operators employ staff to manually relocate bikes using trucks, leading to considerable operational cost. In this paper, we describe various methods to balance bike sharing systems by actively engaging customers in the balancing process. In particular, we show that by appropriately sending "control signals" to customers requesting them to slightly change their intended journeys, bike sharing systems can be balanced without using staffed trucks. Our results can be used to determine the minimum fraction of cooperative customers required to generate a desired minimum service level. They can also be used as a benchmark when designing reward programs to incentivize customer cooperation. Using extensive simulations based on historical data from London’s Barclays Cycle Hire scheme, we show that simple control signals are sufficient to effectively balance the bike sharing system and offer service rates close to 100%."
Iderlina Mateo-Babiano (The University of Queensland),
Public Bicycle Sharing in Asian Cities.
Paper, The 11th International Conference of Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, September 11-14, 2015, Cebu City, Philippines, 15 p. [formato PDF, 222 kB].
"Public bicycle sharing programs (PBSPs) is gaining worldwide attention as an important climate-smart, active transport alternative. Despite becoming permanent fixtures in the urban landscape of the West, PBSP implementation in Asia, except for China, has been relatively dismal. Many of the pilot models have been adaptation of Western examples that do not appropriately fit the distinct physical, cultural, economic and political context of Asia-Pacific cities (e.g. diverse set of land uses, the relatively dense urban centres and formal/informal transport interaction). This research explores the glocalisation of bikesharing schemes in five selected Asia cities. Drawing upon a systematic review of literature, this paper aims to building the evidence base to increase our understanding of PBSPs implementation as an important first step in planning for a low carbon society and advance the limited information to effectively inform low-carbon planning and policy especially from the perspective of active transport within the Asian context."
Jinn-Tsai Wong, Chun-Yen Cheng,
Exploring Activity Patterns of The Taipei Public Bikesharing System.
Paper, The 11th International Conference of Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, September 11-14, 2015, Cebu City, Philippines, 17 p. [formato PDF, 580 kB].
"This paper presents the insights of imbalanced public bicycle distributions, i.e. unable to pick up/return bikes due to empty/full stations through the analysis of spatio-temporal activity patterns of bike stations. YouBike, the public bikesharing system of Taipei City was examined. Taking advantage of Open Data policy, the changes of the number of available bikes across all stations were collected to identify station activity patterns. The relationship between spatial characteristics and station activity patterns were explored. The clustering results indicate that station activity patterns could be categorised into three groups and each reveals different activity patterns throughout the day. The visualisation of average temporal activity patterns and clustered groups are illustrated as well. Such results could provide better understanding of bikesharing usage and the underlying temporal and spatial dynamics of a city."
Charles Raux, Ayman Zoubir (LET, University of Lyon),
Who are bike sharing schemes members and how they travel daily? The case of the Lyon's "Velo'v" scheme. (HAL Id: halshs-01193169).
2015, 17 p. [formato PDF, 602 kB].
"This paper analyzes the socio-demographic profile and travel behavior of the “Velov” bikesharing scheme members in Lyon (France). This scheme started in 2005 and has now
around 350 stations and 4500 bikes in operation, with more than 50,000 annual members.
Thanks to a specific Internet-based survey more than 3,000 respondents were described by their detailed socio-demographic profile, their travel means and habits, a
one-day activity-travel diary and additionally a seven days activity-travel diary log by around 700 volunteers. By this way the survey covers all travel modes and day-to-day variations in travel behavior
beyond the sole use of shared bike. We analyze with a discrete choice model the socio-demographic and spatial factors affecting the probability of being an annual member of the
Velov scheme. Then we explore with descriptive statistics their daily travel behavior involving as well bike sharing as other traditional modes. When possible this behavior is
compared with the latest Household Travel Survey available in the Lyon area (2006). Velov annual members are rather younger and hold higher social positions when compared with the Lyon’s reference population.
An individual higher social position and the residential proximity to stations have both separate and positive effects on the probability of being an annual member of the service.
Velov members are not captive from public transport, they have access to a car and they are fully multimodal in their day-to-day travel behavior. Velo’v bikes are used by them for any activity, not necessarily every day, like any other travel mode."
Mohamed Salah Mahmoud, Wafic El-Assi, Khandker Nurul Habib (University of Toronto),
Effects of Built Environment and Weather on Bike Sharing Demand: Station Level Analysis of Commercial Bike Sharing in Toronto.
Transportation Research Board 94th Annual Meeting, Washington DC, 11-15.01.2015, 15 p. [formato 837 kB]
"Bike Share Toronto is Canada’s second largest public bike share system. Bike Share Toronto provides a unique case study as it is one of the few bike share programs in a North American city that experiences severe cold climates and operates throughout the entire year. Using year-round real time trip data, this study analyzes the factors affecting Toronto’s bike share ridership. A comprehensive spatial analysis is performed and three regression models are developed at the station level. Results of the trip attraction and generation models provide meaningful insights on the influence of socio-demographic attributes, land use and built environment, as well as different weather measures on bicycle share ridership. The developed models can be used to assist policy makers and city planners to predict the monthly trip activity at potential station locations. A station pair (origin-destination) regression model is developed based on station to station paths’ level of service attributes along with other zonal level factors. Results show that station-to-station distance and the number of intersections with major roads have negative impacts on bike share ridership. In addition, for a given origin-destination pair, the higher the percentage of bicycle infrastructure with respect to the total route length, the higher the corresponding ridership. This model can be used to predict the trip distribution between station pairs based on the total trip activity at each station. The model can also be used to assess potential bike infrastructure development based on expected bicycle routes from/to potential station locations."
Giorgio Saibene, Giancarlo Manzi,
Bike Usage in Public Bike-Sharing: An Analysis of the "BikeMi" System in Milan. (Working Paper n. 2015-01).
Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Economia, Management e Metdo Quantitativi, MIlano, gennaio 2015, 21 p. [formato PDF, 660 kB]
"The constant increase of public shared bicycle systems (PSBSs) in western cities suggests that nowadays city councils consider public bike sharing systems a serious alternative to
traditional public transportation in urban areas. PSBSs can represent a solution in the hands of citizens for short journeys in highly urbanized areas. In this paper we focus on the successful
example of Milan’s BikeMi PSBS which is giving very positive results in terms of satisfaction for all the actors involved, i.e. the service management, city council and users. From the
available data it can be inferred that the bicycle overcome the car central areas in terms of speed, distance travelled daily, and choice of multiple itineraries, especially during peak
periods and in proximity of the main railway stations. The main bicycle tracks and hotspots are also detected revealing an imbalance between the northern and the southern part of the
city, with the northern part better covered by the service."
Anna Goodman, Judith Green, James Woodcock,
The role of bicycle sharing systems in normalising the image of cycling: An observational study of London cyclists.
Journal of Transport & Health, v.1. n.1, March 2014, pp.5-8 (4 p.), [formato PDF, 273 kB], Open Access.
"Bicycle sharing systems are increasingly popular around the world and have the potential to increase the visibility of people cycling in everyday clothing. This may in turn help normalise the image of cycling, and reduce perceptions that cycling is ‘risky’ or ‘only for sporty people’. This paper sought to compare the use of specialist cycling clothing between users of the London bicycle sharing system (LBSS) and cyclists using personal bicycles. To do this, we observed 3594 people on bicycles at 35 randomly-selected locations across central and inner London. The 592 LBSS users were much less likely to wear helmets (16% vs. 64% among personal-bicycle cyclists), high-visibility clothes (11% vs. 35%) and sports clothes (2% vs. 25%). In total, 79% of LBSS users wore none of these types of specialist cycling clothing, as compared to only 30% of personal-bicycle cyclists. This was true of male and female LBSS cyclists alike (all p>0.25 for interaction). We conclude that bicycle sharing systems may not only encourage cycling directly, by providing bicycles to rent, but also indirectly, by increasing the number and diversity of cycling ‘role models’ visible."
Oliver O'Brien (University College London),
Bicycle sharing systems - Global Trends in Size. (UCL Working Paper Series 196).
Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, London, May 2014, 10 p. [formato 854 kB]
"Bicycle sharing systems allow users to hire a bicycle from an automated docking station for short journeys, typically one-way, providing a novel alternative to traditional methods of transport. The adoption of such systems by cities has been accelerating, with over 700 active systems as of early 2014, an increase of around 50% in a year. UCL CASA has been observing a number of the larger systems since 2010, and collecting data on their size in terms of numbers of docking stations and bicycles. This paper shows that, for many larger cities, their existing systems have grown in size organically or on a phased basis, by area expansion and/or intensification, during the period of study, although some systems have decreased in size."
Susan A. Shaheen, Elliot W. Martin, Nelson D. Chan, Adam P. Cohen, Mike Pogodzinski,
Public Bikesharing in North America During a Period of Rapid Expansion: Understanding Business Models, Industry Trends & User Impacts.
(MTI Report 12-29), Mineta Transportation Institute, San José, CA, October 2014, 234 p. [formato PDF, 3,01 MB]
"Public bikesharing—the shared use of a bicycle fleet—is an innovative transportation strategy that has recently emerged in major cities around the world, including North America. Information technology (IT)-based bikesharing systems typically position bicycles throughout an urban environment, among a network of docking stations, for immediate access. Trips can be one-way, round-trip, or both, depending on the operator. Bikesharing can serve as a first-and-last mile connector to other modes, as well as for both short and long distance destinations. In 2012, 22 IT-based public bikesharing systems were operating in the United States, with a total of 884,442 users and 7,549 bicycles. Four IT-based programs in Canada had a total of 197,419 users and 6,115 bicycles. Two IT-based programs in Mexico had a total of 71,611 users and 3,680 bicycles. (Membership numbers reflect the total number of short- and long-term users.)
This study evaluates public bikesharing in North America, reviewing the change in travel behavior exhibited by members of different programs in the context of their business models and operational environment. This Phase II research builds on data collected during our Phase I research conducted in 2012. During the 2012 research (Phase I), researchers conducted 14 expert interviews with industry experts and public officials in the United States and Canada, as well as 19 interviews with the manager and/or key staff of IT-based bikesharing organizations. For more information on the Phase I research, please see the Shaheen et al., 2012 report Public Bikesharing in North America: Early Operator and User Understanding.
For this Phase II study, an additional 23 interviews were conducted with IT-based bikesharing organizations in the United States, Canada, and Mexico in Spring 2013. Notable developments during this period include the ongoing expansion of public bikesharing in North America, including the recent launches of multiple large bikesharing programs in the United States (i.e., Citi Bike in New York City, Divvy in Chicago, and Bay Area Bike Share in the San Francisco Bay Area).
In addition to expert interviews, the authors conducted two kinds of surveys with bikesharing users. One was the online member survey. This survey was sent to all people for whom the operator had an email address. The population of this survey was mainly annual members of the bikesharing system, and the members took the survey via a URL link sent to them from the operator. The second survey was an on-street survey. This survey was designed for anyone, including casual users (i.e., those who are not members of the system and use it on a short-term basis), to take “on-street” via a smartphone.
The member survey was deployed in five cities: Montreal, Toronto, Salt Lake City, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, and Mexico City. The on-street survey was implemented in three cities: Boston, Salt Lake City, and San Antonio."
Sigal Kaplan, Francesco Manca, Thomas A.S. Nielsen, Carlo G. Prato (Technical University of Denmark),
Intentions to use bike-sharing for holiday cycling: an application of the Theory of Planned Behavior.
Artikler fra Trafikdage på Aalborg Universitet (Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University),
25.-26. August 2014, Aalborg, Denmark, 18 p. [formato PDF, 2,87 MB].
"This study explored the behavioral factors underlying tourist intentions to use urban bike-sharing for recreational cycling while on holiday. The analytical framework relied on the Theory of Planned Behavior relating tourist intentions to pro-cycling attitudes, interest in bicycle technology, pro-cycling subjective norms and perceived cycling ease. The case-study focused on the new bike-sharing system in Copenhagen (Denmark) and questioned 655 potential tourists about a hypothetical holiday scenario. Structural equation models revealed: (i) the great interest in using bike-sharing, frequently and for multiple purposes; (ii) the relation between holiday cycling and living in a cycling-friendly country, past cycling experience and habitual mode choice; (iii) the appeal of electric bicycles to tourists with high interest in bicycle technology, low perceived cycling ease and weak pro-cycling norms; (iv) the relation between frequent and multi-purpose cycling intentions and stronger pro-cycling attitudes and norms, and greater perceived likelihood that the holiday partners would cycle."
James Woodcock, Marko Tainio, James Cheshire, Oliver O’Brien, Anna Goodman,
Health effects of the London bicycle sharing system: health impact modelling study,
BMJ 2014;348:g425, February 2014 (14 p.) [formato PDF, 1,57 MB]. Open Access.
"OBJECTIVE: To model the impacts of the bicycle sharing system in London on the health of its users.
DESIGN: Health impact modelling and evaluation, using a stochastic simulation model.
SETTING: Central and inner London, England.
DATA SOURCES: Total population operational registration and usage data for the London cycle hire scheme (collected April 2011-March 2012), surveys of cycle hire users (collected 2011), and London data on travel, physical activity, road traffic collisions, and particulate air pollution (PM2.5, (collected 2005-12).
PARTICIPANTS: 578,607 users of the London cycle hire scheme, aged 14 years and over, with an estimated 78% of travel time accounted for by users younger than 45 years.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Change in lifelong disability adjusted life years (DALYs) based on one year impacts on incidence of disease and injury, modelled through medium term changes in physical activity, road traffic injuries, and exposure to air pollution.
RESULTS: Over the year examined the users made 7.4 million cycle hire trips (estimated 71% of cycling time by men). These trips would mostly otherwise have been made on foot (31%) or by public transport (47%). To date there has been a trend towards fewer fatalities and injuries than expected on cycle hire bicycles. Using these observed injury rates, the population benefits from the cycle hire scheme substantially outweighed harms (net change -72 DALYs (95% credible interval -110 to -43) among men using cycle hire per accounting year; -15 (-42 to -6) among women; note that negative DALYs represent a health benefit). When we modelled cycle hire injury rates as being equal to background rates for all cycling in central London, these benefits were smaller and there was no evidence of a benefit among women (change -49 DALYs (-88 to -17) among men; -1 DALY (-27 to 12) among women). This sex difference largely reflected higher road collision fatality rates for female cyclists. At older ages the modelled benefits of cycling were much larger than the harms. Using background injury rates in the youngest age group (15 to 29 years), the medium term benefits and harms were both comparatively small and potentially negative.
CONCLUSION: London's bicycle sharing system has positive health impacts overall, but these benefits are clearer for men than for women and for older users than for younger users. The potential benefits of cycling may not currently apply to all groups in all settings."
Alexandros Nikitas, Toni-Matti Karjalainen and Ulrike Rahe,
Innovative Bike-Sharing Design as a Research and Educational Platform for Promoting More Livable Urban Futures.
5th International Congress of IASDR (International Association of Societies of Design Research),
August 26-30, 2013, Tokyo, Japan, 12 p. [formato PDF, 6,41 MB]
"Studying the viability of innovative urban access design is the key to achieve optimum
results when attempting to transform dogmatism referring to conventional car-orientation into a
meaningful driver of modal change that is founded on the actual societal needs for future
transportation. An efficient public bicycle scheme could be the very definition of a solution that
could encourage and even facilitate, to a certain extent, such a transition. This paper discusses how
a post-graduate course embraced, through the means of a service-oriented design exercise, the
potential introduction of such a system. More specifically, seven research teams, closely guided by
the three authors, were affiliated with designing a new hypothetical bike-sharing scheme in the city
of Gothenburg, Sweden. The paper reports on: a) the novel educational approach the tutors
employed, b) the taught experiences that helped the students utilize their potential as learners but
also as inventive designers, c) the research in terms of design results and d) the overall transition
from solely serving the needs of automotive mobility in urban environments to creating a
knowledge platform that actually illustrates an improved design-innovation process to tackle future
urban demands and eventually have a real-life context impact on the city of Gothenburg."
Susan A. Shaheen, Elliot W. Martin and Adam P. Cohen (Univ. of California, Berkeley),
Public Bikesharing and Modal Shift Behavior: A Comparative Study of Early Bikesharing Systems in North America.
International Journal of Transportation, Vol.1, No.1 (2013), pp.35-54 (20 p.), [formato PDF, 894 kB]
"Public bikesharing — the shared use of a bicycle fleet by the public — is an innovative mobility strategy that has recently emerged in major North American cities. Bikesharing systems typically position bicycles throughout an urban environment, among a network of docking stations, for immediate access. This paper discusses the modal shift that results from individuals participating in four public bikesharing systems in North America. We conducted an online survey (n =10,661 total sample), between November 2011 and January 2012, with members of four major bikesharing organizations (located in Montreal, Toronto, the Twin Cities, and Washington D.C.) and collected information regarding travel-behavior changes, focusing on modal shift, as well as public bikesharing perceptions. The survey probed member perceptions about bikesharing and found that a majority in the surveyed cities felt that bikesharing was an enhancement to public transportation and improved transit connectivity. With respect to modal shift, the results suggest that bikesharing generally draws from all travel modes. Three of the four largest cities in the study exhibited declines in bus and rail usage as a result of bikesharing. For example, 50% of respondents in Montreal reported reducing rail use, while 44% and 48% reported similar shifts in Toronto and Washington D.C., respectively. However, within those same cities, 27% to 40% of respondents reported using public transit in conjunction with bikesharing to make trips previously completed by automobile. In the Twin Cities, the dynamic was different, as 15% of respondents reported increasing rail usage versus only 3% who noted a decrease in rail use.
In all cities, bikesharing resulted in a considerable decline in personal driving and taxi use, suggesting that public bikesharing is reducing urban transportation emissions, while at the same time freeing capacity of bus and rail networks within large cities."
Elliot Fishman, Simon Washington, Narelle Haworth (Queensland University of Technology),
Bike share: a synthesis of the literature.
Transport Reviews, v.33. n.2, 2013, pp. 148-165 (26 p.), [formato PDF, 707 kB].
"This paper begins by providing an overview of bike share programs, followed by a critical examination of the growing body of literature on these programs. This synthesis of previous works, both peer-reviewed and gray, includes an identification of the current gaps in knowledge related to the impacts of bike sharing programs. This synthesis represents a critically needed evaluation of the current state of global bike share research, in order to better understand, and maximize the effectiveness of current and future programs. Several consistent themes have emerged within the growing body of research on bike share programs. Firstly, the importance bike share members place on convenience and value for money appears paramount in their motivation to sign up and use these programs. Secondly, and somewhat counter intuitively, scheme members are more likely to own and use private bicycles than nonmembers. Thirdly, users demonstrate a greater reluctance to wear helmets than private bicycle riders and helmets have acted as a deterrent in jurisdictions in which helmets are mandatory. Finally, and perhaps most importantly from a sustainable transport perspective, the majority of scheme users are substituting from sustainable modes of transport rather than the car."
Marzenna Cichosz (Warsaw School of Economic),
IT solutions in logistics of smart bike-sharing systems in urban transport.
Management, Vol. 17, 2 (272–283) (12 p.), December 2013 [formato PDF, 476 kB]
"IT solutions in logistics of smart bike-sharing systems in urban transport In recent years, the public transport of Krakow,
Rzeszow, Wroclaw, Poznan, Opole and Warsaw has expanded into the third generation bike-sharing programs - smart bikes. It’s an innovative
solution, deploying IT systems and technology to integrate individual stations of urban bike rental system. The article presents the
business model solution, its functionality from the perspective of customers and operator, and shows the role of IT solutions support
in managing the logistics of rental network. An illustrative case of „Veturilo” solution implementation is presented."
The Bike-share Planning Guide. ITDP (Institute for Transportation & Development Policy), New York, November 2013,
152 p. [formato PDF, 7,26 MB]
"More than 600 cities around the globe have bike share systems, and new systems are starting every year. The largest and most successful systems, in places such as China, Paris, London, and Washington, D.C., have helped to promote cycling as a viable and valued transport option.
This guide evaluates international best practice in bike share, helps to bridge the divide between developing and developed countries’ experiences to provide guidance on planning and implementing a successful bike share system regardless of the location, size, or density of your city".
Innovative öffentliche Fahrradverleihsysteme. Modellprojekte am Start [Sistemi di bike sharing pubblici innovativi].
Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung, Berlin/Bonn, Februar 2012, 20 p. [formato PDF, 2,20 MB]
"Im Rahmen des Modellversuchs „Innovative öffentliche Fahrradverleihsysteme“ erfolgten im
Zeitraum 2009-2012 der Aufbau und die Begleitung verschiedener BikeSharing-Systeme in
Deutschland. Eine aktuelle Studie des BMVBS untersuchte diese Systeme hinsichtlich ihres
Erfolgs und ihrer Übertragbarkeit auf andere Orte. Ein Schwerpunkt der Studie liegt dabei in
der kombinierten Mobilität. Durch die Kombination von Leihfahrrädern mit dem öffentlichen
Verkehr wird die Verkehrssituation in den Städten entlastet, die Umwelt geschont und die
Gesundheit gefördert. Dank der Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Projekte und Lösungsansätze, die
im Rahmen der Studie dokumentiert wurden, sollen andere Städte, Gemeinden und
Regionen von diesen Erfahrungen profitieren. Generell lässt sich festhalten, dass die
Implementierung eines Veloverleihsystems technische und organisatorische
Herausforderungen mit sich bringt, die eine gute Koordination aller Akteure sowie eine
langfristige Planung erfordern. Weitere detaillierte Evaluationsergebnisse werden nach der
Velosaison 2012 erwartet. Zusätzlich sei auf einen europaweiten Test von 40 BikeSharing-
Systemen durch die europäischen Automobil- und Verkehrsclubs verwiesen."
OBIS,
Ottimizzare i Sistemi di Bike Sharing nelle città europee. Manuale.
Progetto OBIS, 2012, 98 p. [formato PDF, 3,06 MB].
"Sono analizzate le differenze – in termini di servizio offerto, modello economico adottato e politica
tariffaria - dei SBS esistenti (Sistemi di bike sharing europei). I risultati, presentati
tenendo conto delle dimensioni della città studiata, offrono una panoramica e delle utili indicazioni guida
per altre città che possiedono caratteristiche simili. Una lista dei fattori di successo permette poi
di aver presente, in maniera sintetica, gli aspetti principali dei vari sistemi.
Le linee guida sono tratte dal lavoro, pratico e teorico, svolto nel corso del progetto OBIS. Indicano
quali passi debbano essere compiuti - da come sia possibile convincere gli stakeholder a come progettare
un bike sharing di successo - tenendo conto delle particolari caratteristiche della propria città o regione."
Peter Midgley,
Bicycle-Sharing Schemes: Enhancing Sustainable Mobility in Urban Areas. (Background Paper No. 8; CSD19/2011/BP8).
United Nations, Commission on Sustainable Development, New York, 2-13 May 2011, 26 p. [formato PDF, 907 kB]
Heiner Monheim, Christian Muschwitz, Johannes Reimann, Markus Streng,
Statusanalyse Fahrradverleihsysteme. Potenziale und Zukunft kommunaler und regionaler Fahrradverleihsysteme in Deutschland
[Analisi dei sistemi di bike sharing. Potenziali e futuro dei sistemi comunali e regionali di bike sharing in Germania].
raumkom Institut für Raumentwicklung und Kommunikation, Trier, Juni 2011, 250 p. [formato PDF, 6,27 MB]
"Spätestens seit der Einrichtung von "Vélib" in Paris im Jahr 2007 finden öffentliche Fahrradverleihsysteme
als Trend in der städtischen Mobilität auch international viel Beachtung. Das Konzept des öffentlichen
Fahrradverleihs hat in Deutschland eine lange Tradition, dennoch blieben moderne Systeme bisher nur auf
wenige ausgewählte Großstädte beschränkt. Das Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung
(BMVBS) hat im Jahr 2009 einen Innovationswettbewerb gestartet, um viele weitere Kommunen zur Initiative zu bewegen.
Vor diesem Hintergrund untersuchte das raumkom Institut für Raumentwicklung und Kommunikation in den
vergangenen Monaten wie Entscheidungsträger über öffentliche Fahrradverleihsysteme denken, welche
Chancen oder Hemmnisse sie in Bezug auf die Einführung von Leihrädern sehen und welche Potenziale sie
dem öffentlichen Fahrradverleih derzeit und in Zukunft zumessen. Auf Grundlage einer Analyse der zum
Wettbewerb eingereichten Beiträge sowie mittels schriftlicher Befragungen, Interviews und
Expertengespräche ist eine umfangreiche Studie entstanden, die Einblicke in die Sicht relevanter Akteure
vermittelt, aktuelle Trends wie auch Unsicherheiten identifiziert und wichtige Ansatzpunkte für die
Weiterentwicklung öffentlicher Fahrradverleihsysteme benennt.
"Institutionenbezogenen Ansätze - also die Frage, wie Verkehrspolitik und Administrationen entscheiden,
welche Motive sie leiten, wo und wie sie sich informieren und viele mehr - kommen in der
Mobilitätsforschung bisher viel zu kurz", erklärt Professor Monheim, Mitinhaber des raumkom Instituts, "da
bot der Modellwettbewerb eine gute Chance, Forschungsinstrumente einmal im laufenden Prozess
einzusetzen." Die Studie stellt klar, dass öffentliche Leihradsysteme noch nicht im verkehrsplanerischen
Alltag angekommen sind und vielerorts - durchaus auch skeptisch - nach wie vor als Innovation gesehen
werden. Eine Euphorie, wie sie beispielsweise in Frankreich zu beobachten war, konnte bisher nicht nach
Deutschland überschwappen. Doch Prof. Monheim sieht gelassen in die Zukunft: "Fast alle befragten
Experten erkennen positive Perspektiven für den Radverkehr, der durch steigende Rohstoff- und
Energiepreise weiter zulegen wird. Öffentliche Fahrradverleihsysteme können direkt und indirekt zum Aufschwung beitragen."
Haritz Ferrando, Esther Anaya, Diana González,
Estudio sobre el impacto de la implantación de sistemas de bicicletas públicas en España.
Estudios de construcción y transportes, N. 112, enero - junio 2010, pag. 79-86 [N.112, formato PDF, 69 MB]
"El presente estudio demuestra que, con 74 sistemas de bicicletas públicas en 100 municipios, el fenómeno de la implantación de los sistemas de bicicletas
en España se está consolidando."
Anke Borcherding, Kristina Hartwig, Astrid Karl,
Fahrradfahren für Fortgeschrittene. Evaluation der Barrieren und Hindernisse der Beteiligung von Städten und Kommunen am Wettbewerb Modellversuch "Innovative öffentliche Fahrradverleihsysteme" - Neue Mobilität in Städten des Bundesministeriums für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung (BMVBS)
(Una valutazione sulle barriere ed ostacoli alla partecipazione di città e comuni al bando del Ministero federale dei Trasporti ed edilizia per "Sistemi pubblici innovativi per il noleggio di biciclette - la nuova mobilità urbana").
(WZB Discussion Paper SP III 2010-601).
Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Berlin, (April) 2010, 62 p. [formato PDF, 267 kB].
"Judging from their growth in number and size throughout Europe, public bicycle rentals have become
increasingly popular in recent years. To support this development – and thereby acknowledging that
Germany is somewhat lagging behind – the German Federal Ministry of Transport offered ten million
Euros as prize money in a competition for innovative bike rental schemes. The aim was to induce German
cities to draw up plans for bicycle rental systems, which would integrate rented bikes into traditional
public transport. 44 cities and regions participated in the contest. Nevertheless, in spite of having
reached an advanced planning stage, there were also a number of cities, which did not hand in project
proposals. The discussion paper investigates the arguments which were made for this withdrawal from the competition.
Interviews held in three of these cities revealed a number of significant arguments, from time pressure,
over administrative hurdles to practical concerns. To test these reasons we also interviewed members
of a control group consisting of winners of the competition in three cities. We found that the cities in
this second group had faced similar obstacles – they had merely decided to go ahead with the project in
spite of them and without fully solving the problems at that stage.
The comparison of winners and non-participants leads us to conclude that the integration of public
bicycle rental systems into traditional public transport generally faces obstacles on several levels, not
the least of which is the lack of support of public transport companies and associations, German public
transport being notoriously change resistant. Our analysis suggests that integrated bicycle rental systems
are a very sophisticated instrument of transport policy, and therefore can challenge policy makers and administrators alike."
Interessante analisi delle ragioni che hanno portato alcune città tedesche a ottenere i finanziamenti ministeriali e altre invece a
rinunciare a partecipare al bando; tra gli ostacoli, la contrarietà di alcune aziende di TPL che temono di perdere utenti (mentre molte
altre aziende di TPL hanno partecipato ai progetti).
Paul DeMaio,
Bike-sharing: Its History, Models of Provision, and Future. Velo-city 2009 Conference, Bruxelles, 12-15 May 2009, 12 p. [formato PDF, 968 kB]
"This paper briefly discusses the history of bike-sharing from the early 1st generation program to present day 3rd generation programs. There is a detailed examination of models of provision and the state of the art outside of the European Union. The paper concludes with looking into the future of bike]sharing, with a discussion about what a 4th generation program could be."
Peter Midgley,
The Role of Smart Bike-sharing Systems in Urban Mobility. February 2009, 14 p. [formato PDF, 426 kB]
"Following the success of the smart bike-sharing system in Paris, these systems are
rapidly being introduced in European cities for daily mobility. The basic premise of the
smart bike-sharing concept is sustainable transportation. Such systems often operate
as part of the city’s public transport system. They provide fast and easy access, have
diverse business models and make use of applied technology (smart cards and/or mobile
phones). Bike-sharing systems are currently operating in 78 cities in 16 countries using
around 70,000 bikes. This paper reviews the state of the art of bike-sharing systems,
drawing on experiences in selected European cities."
Sebastian Bührmann,
Bicycles as public-individual transport – European developments.
MEETBIKE – European Conference on Bicycle Transport and Networking, 3rd – 4th April 2008, Dresden, 25 slides [formato PDF, 2,26 MB]
Eileen Kadesh, Andrew Curran, Alain Ayotte, George Banyan,
Bike Sharing in North America. Pro Walk/Pro Bike 2008 Conference, Seattle, September 3, 2008, 20 slides [formato PDF, 968 kB]
ofo. Ofo is the world's first and largest station-free bike sharing platform. We provide convenient and affordable urban travel - reducing carbon emissions, easing traffic congestion,
saving energy, and promoting better living along the way.
As of late-2017, our service is available in the US, the UK, Australia, China, Japan, Malaysia, Russia, Thailand, Singapore, Spain, Italy, Portugal, the Netherlands, Czech Republic, Israel, Austria, and Kazakhstan.
ofo operates using a station-free model. There are no docking stations for ofo bikes, but bikes can be located using the mobile app and parked anywhere that adheres to the guidelines listed above.
The Bike-sharing Blog. The Blog is provided by MetroBike, LLC, based in Washington, D.C., USA.
Bikedispenser.com.
Sistema automatico per la disponibilità di biciclette (creato dall'azienda Springtime, Amsterdam).
Bicincittà, soluzioni per la mobilità sostenibile.
"Bicincittà (prodotto della ditta Comunicare S.r.L.) è un sistema di bike sharing, il cui
significato è bicicletta condivisa, che offre l’opportunità di distribuire ai cittadini
in modo semplice ed intuitivo una certa quantità di biciclette pubbliche e di monitorarne
in tempo reale la presa ed il deposito."
Il sistema è stato adottato dai comuni di Bari, Biella, Cuneo, Chivasso, Novara, Parma, Pinerolo, Pistoia, Prato,
Roma, Savigliano, Settimo Torinese (19 comuni). Sistemi simili sono in funzione in molte grandi città europee.
c'entro in bici portale sul bike sharing in Italia (64 comuni).
[TO]Bike è il nuovo servizio di bike sharing di Torino e di tutti coloro che frequentano la città per lavoro, svago o turismo.
Abbonandosi al servizio è possibile prelevare la bicicletta in una delle 116 stazioni presenti in città e depositarla in una qualsiasi,
purché con parcheggi liberi. Pensato per gli spostamenti brevi, il bike sharing oggi rappresenta la forma di spostamento urbano più
conveniente, sia in termini di tempo sia in termini economici.
UdineBike è un servizio di biciclette pubbliche (bike sharing) offerto a chi deve spostarsi nella città di Udine. La prima mezz'ora è gratuita.
Bicing. Rete di "trasporto pubblico" a Barcellona (Catalogna), con 6000 biciclette e 420 postazioni in cui gli abbonati al servizio possono prelevare
le biciclette e usarle per spostamenti urbani per un massimo di due ore. Sito in lingua spagnola e catalana, con dati in tempo
reale sulla disponibilità delle bici nelle postazioni.
OV-fiets, Paesi Bassi (NL).
Servizio di noleggio di biciclette collegato alla rete dei trasporti pubblici, presente in 200 località dei Paesi Bassi.
SEVici, Sevilla (Spain). 2500 bicicletas estarán a su disposición, repartidas en 250 Áreas de Aparcamiento.
Vélib', Parigi (F).
Servizio di noleggio di biciclette (gestito dalla Municipalità di Parigi e dall'azienda JCDecaux SA),
nei primi 39 giorni di attività ha realizzato 53.000 abbonamenti annuali e oltre 2 milioni di noleggi.
I primi 30 minuti di ogni percorso sono gratuiti.
Vélo ville de Bordeaux, (F).
Servizio di prestito gratuito della Municipalità di Bordeaux (3.600 biciclette disponibili).
Oslo Bysykkel, Norvegia. Sistema dotato di 102 postazioni e informazioni in tempo reale sulla disponibilità delle bici.
Koordination bikesharing Schweiz / Coordination bikesharing Suisse, c/o Pro Velo Schweiz / Suisse, Bern.
Veturilo (Warszawski rower publiczny), municipal bike rental in Warsaw (Poland), owned by the operator Nextbike.
Linda Dörrzapf, Lukas Tanzer, Arthur Kammerhofer, Richard Preißler, Martin Berger,
Increase Occupancy Rate in Passenger Cars - Potentials of Awareness Raising for Carpooling. Reviewed paper.
Proceedings/Tagungsband REAL CORP 2023, Ljubljana, 18-20 September 2023, 11 p. [formato PDF, 1,4 MB].
"Transport is responsible for 30% of Austria's CO2 emissions. Of these, 17.13% are caused by passenger cars.
Car traffic (kilometres driven) has increased significantly in recent years, while at the same time, the
occupancy rate is continuously decreasing and is currently only 1.15 persons per car in Austria. Due to the
traffic load and the associated negative environmental impacts, there is a great need to increase the
occupancy rate in passenger cars. The shared mobility concept of carpooling offers starting points to
counteract this trend. In this context, carpooling in particular shows great potential for reducing the volume
of traffic. Carpooling reduces emissions and lowers the risk of accidents, and an improvement of occupancy
rate of cars can reduce traffic by up to 10%. However, the "critical mass" of carpooling platforms is often not
reached and there is a lack of adequate advertising and communication measures. Traditional advertising
channels such as print rarely reach the entire target group in the shared mobility sector and digital advertising
channels miss internet-averse target groups who hardly use social media.
This article is therefore dedicated to the evaluation of an advertising campaign that aims to increase
awareness and acceptance of the accelerated use and market penetration of carpooling offers. By means of a
digital display placed at the side of the road, attention was drawn to the degree of occupancy by means of
various statements - with the aim of triggering a rethink in the direction of carpooling. Based on a
preliminary survey, the perception and acceptance were surveyed using feedback from passers-by and app
users. The main finding is that many car drivers noticed the display and rated it as positive. Ultimately,
however, only a small number of people could be motivated to use carpooling or to give other people a ride.
The main barriers to use carpooling are the lack of schedule flexibility, reliability of passengers and loss of time."
Paolo Beria, Alberto Bertolin,
Il Carpooling in Italia: Analisi dell'Offerta. TRASPOL Report 2/2016. TRASPOL, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, settembre 2016, 35 p. [formato PDF, 22,5 MB].
"In questo report viene presentato e studiato un primo campione di dati raccolto dalla più conosciuta piattaforma
web per il carpooling : BlaBlaCar.it. Il duplice fine che ci si propone è quello di poter, da un lato, comprendere
meglio quali siano le dinamiche e la diffusione del servizio a scala nazionale e, dall'altro, di ottenere alcune
informazioni sul segmento della mobilità occasionale di lunga percorrenza, in assoluto il meno noto alle statistiche.
I primi risultati ottenuti danno utili indicazioni sulle attuali pratiche di mobilità nella nostra penisola. I viaggi
offerti, ad esempio, si svolgono su distanze medie nell'ordine dei 300 km e sono maggiori a nord rispetto al resto
della penisola. Inoltre, presentano diversi pattern di distribuzione settimanale a seconda del luogo di origine,
così come una diversa diffusione geografica. Le grandi città, Milano in primo luogo, generano viaggi su aree
molto ampie, mentre i capoluoghi di provincia presentano catchment area generalmente più limitate e polarizzate.
Questo rapporto è il primo studio a carattere geografico sul tema della mobilità condivisa di lunga distanza
in Italia e si propone come utile strumento di monitoraggio del settore, sia per le aziende che per il settore pubblico.
Il rapporto è disponibile gratuitamente su www.traspol.polimi.it ed è basato sul campione di spostamenti,
pubblicamente accessibili, raccolti dalla piattaforma in un periodo di 81 giorni non continui tra Marzo e
Novembre 2015. In totale sono stati raccolti dati su circa 5.000 viaggi al giorno, che hanno interessato la penisola Italiana, e su circa 71.000 utenti.
Grazie a questa base dati è possibile studiare il profilo degli utenti (conducenti) del carpooling, la penetrazione
del servizio, le relazioni maggiormente servite e simulare la distribuzione degli utenti sulla rete stradale."
Fernando Lobo Pimentel,
Improving carpool flexibility without compromising trust or guaranteed rides.
European Transport \ Trasporti Europei (2016) Issue 62, Paper n° 7 (30 p.), [formato PDF, 230 kB].
"Aiming at the same transport with less car usage, carpool systems are a more economical and ecological way to
travel when compared to drive-alone behaviour. However, carpooling is difficult to promote. People do not
carpool for schedule flexibility and trust concerns, and when addressing the first issue by bringing more people
to the carpools to increase schedule options, one loses on the trust side because prior acquaintance is no longer
guaranteed, or one looses a guaranteed ride. We tried to address this problem.
We used operations research (OR) methodology to formulate the problem, then we relaxed a carpool system's
restriction: the schedule coincidence requirement. This allowed the design of a several departure time carpool.
Next we optimized the system using LP (linear programming) for a sub problem. Finally two preliminary
surveys were conducted. The first in Oeiras municipality (Portugal), to test potential carpoolers adherence to the
model, and the second through an email chain, to anticipate effective enrolment in a carpool with a specific
several departure time schedule.
We found that a small group of people with different but compatible schedules, and who meet each other
previously, can join the same carpool and benefit from it, provided that the system operates under the optimised
configurations presented, so that the increase in the number of departure times available does not decrease
vehicle occupancy rates more than necessary. Surveys revealed the likely readiness and schedule compatibility of
about 10% of car commuters to enrol in such system.
By designing the carpool system around the idea of several guaranteed departures available, groups can be
smaller and steadier because they self-contain wider schedule options. Scale increases are no longer mandatory
and riding with strangers or unpredictable ride availability can be prevented. Therefore our model is a
contribution to improve carpool flexibility without compromising trust concerns or guaranteed rides."
ADEME,
Développement du covoiturage régulier de courte et moyenne distance. Guide méthodologique.
ADEME, Angers, Septembre 2016, 114 p. [formato PDF, 6,4 MB].
"Dans de nombreux environnements, et en particulier dans les secteurs ruraux et périurbains où la densité est souvent trop faible pour mettre en place une offre de
transports collectifs performante, le covoiturage apparaît comme une alternative efficace à l'autosolisme et une importante source d'économie pour les ménages.
Ce guide constitue une base de référence pour les collectivités territoriales et les entreprises souhaitant développer la pratique du covoiturage sur leur territoire
ou entre salariés. Pratique et concret, il offre de nombreux témoignages d'entreprises, de collectivités, d'opérateurs et de techniciens. Il délivre des résultats d'étude permettant
de mieux comprendre les "usages" du covoiturage, les coûts, les leviers d'une politique de développement de ce nouveau mode de déplacement."
Blerim Cici, Athina Markopoulou, Enrique Frías-Martínez, Nikolaos Laoutaris,
Assessing the Potential of Ride-Sharing Using Mobile and Social Data. A Tale of Four Cities. (arXiv:1305.3876). 2014, 11 p. [formato PDF, 1,2 MB].
Published in: UbiComp '14 Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, p. 201-211,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2632048.2632055
"Ride-sharing on the daily home-work-home commute can help individuals save on gasoline and other car-related costs, while at the same time it can
reduce traffic and pollution. This paper assesses the potential of ride-sharing for reducing traffic in a city, based on mobility data extracted from
3G Call Description Records (CDRs, for the cities of Barcelona and Madrid) and from Online Social Networks (Twitter, collected for the cities of New York
and Los Angeles). We first analyze these data sets to understand mobility patterns, home and work locations, and social ties between users. We then
develop an efficient algorithm for matching users with similar mobility patterns, considering a range of constraints. The solution provides an upper
bound to the potential reduction of cars in a city that can be achieved by ride-sharing. We use our framework to understand the different constraints
and city characteristics on this potential benefit. For example, our study shows that traffic in the city of Madrid can be reduced by 59% if users are
willing to share a ride with people who live and work within 1 km; if they can only accept a pick-up and drop-off delay up to 10 minutes, this potential
benefit drops to 24%; if drivers also pick up passengers along the way, this number increases to 53%. If users are willing to ride only with people
they know ("friends" in the CDR and OSN data sets), the potential of ride-sharing becomes negligible; if they are willing to ride with friends of friends,
the potential reduction is up to 31%."
Susan Shaheen, Adam Stocker, Marie Mundler,
Online and App-Based Carpooling in France: Analyzing Users and Practices - A Case Study of BlaBlaCar.
Transportation Sustainability Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, July 2016, 18 p. [formato PDF, 335 kB].
"This paper examines the characteristics and practices of ridesharing users in France. In May 2013 the authors surveyed members of BlaBlaCar, the
largest online and app-based carpooling service in France, to analyze the socio-demographic characteristics and usage patterns of the respondents. The survey
results identify correlations between socio-demographic characteristics and usage elements. Notably, users with a lower income level are more inclined
to be passengers, while higher income users employ carpooling mainly as drivers. Students are shown to be more frequent users as well. These
findings indicate some equity balancing effects, which may be unique to this shared mobility mode."
Lisa Rayle, Susan Shaheen, Nelson Chan, Danielle Dai, Robert Cervero (University of California, Berkeley),
App-Based, On-Demand Ride Services: Comparing Taxi and Ridesourcing Trips and User Characteristics in San Francisco. (University of California Transportation Center (UCTC) Working Paper).
University of California, Berkeley, November 2014, 86 p. [formato PDF, 2,29 MB].
"The rapid growth of on-demand ride services such as uberX and Lyft, or “ridesourcing,” has
prompted debate among policy makers and stakeholders. At present, ridesourcing’s usage and
impacts are not well understood. Key questions include: how ridesourcing and traditional taxis
compare with respect to trip types, customers, and locations served; whether ridesourcing
complements or competes with public transit; and potential impacts on vehicle kilometers
traveled. We address these questions using an intercept survey. In spring 2014, 380 complete
surveys were collected from three ridesourcing “hot spots” in San Francisco. Survey results are
compared with matched-pair taxi trip data and results of a previous taxi user survey. We also
compared travel times for ridesourcing and taxis with those for public transit.
The findings indicate ridesourcing serves a previously unmet demand for convenient,
point-to-point urban travel. Although taxis and ridesourcing share similarities, the findings show
differences in users and the user experience. Ridesourcing wait times are markedly shorter and
more consistent than those of taxis, while ridesourcing users tend to be younger, own fewer
vehicles and more frequently travel with companions. Ridesourcing, like taxis, appears to both
substitute for and complement public transit; the majority of ridesourcing trips would have taken
substantially longer if made by public transit. Impacts on overall vehicle travel are unclear. Future
research should build on this exploratory study to further understand impacts of ridesourcing on
labor, social equity, the environment, and public policy."
Lisa Créno, Béatrice Cahour,
Chronicles of Lived Experiences for studying the process of trust building in carpooling. Conference paper, ECCE 2014, European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics, 1-3 sept 2014, Vienna, 8 p. [formato PDF, 487 kB].
"The goal of our research is to characterize user experience of carpoolers and more particularly their process of building trust, which allow them to cope with the perceived risks. This communication presents two passengers’ chronicles of lived experiences, completed by other qualitative data, and detail how this social and mediated activity is really lived through 7 key sequences. We show that users may perceive 4 different kinds of moderate or higher risks, which leads them to pay attention to the ride conditions and driver profile. The sources of trust and mistrust are mainly linked to the relational, organizational, road safety, or vehicle and passenger placement dimensions. From the first sequence of “Choosing a ride” to the post-ride sequence, most users are sensitive to these elements to build trust; but this process is fragile and can be deconstructed at any time. We argue that web carpooling platforms must be particularly cautious about the available indicators which reassure the users, in order to encourage new one to practice and to maintain a critical mass of carpoolers. We finally discuss some ergonomic recommendations and methodological perspectives for studying trust."
Lisa Créno,
User experience of Dynamic Carpooling: How to encourage drivers and passengers?. Conference Paper, CESA 2014 Congress on Automotive Electronic Systems, Montrouge, France, 2014, 7 p. [formato PDF, 466 kB].
"In the “Internet world”, the car is rapidly becoming one of the most connected elements in our everyday’s life. Our research topic deals more specifically with drivers who connect their smartphones to carpool with strangers. In fact, smartphones communicate crucial data for eco-mobility, such as the number of “empty seats travelling” [1], available for potential passengers. Thanks to the GPS, 3/4G networks and “dynamic carpooling” applications, the car stands out as the new “public-private” transport. This innovative service of dynamic carpooling develops in a lightning way. In this article, we decided to present a state of the art, which details successively the history of the practice, the technical components of the service, the issues and needs for a sufficient critical mass of users, the benefits and limits of the system. Then, we describe various examples of incentives, updated during the deployment of large-scale studies to encourage the practice to a larger number of users."
Francesco Ciari (IVT – ETH Zurich),
Why do people carpool? Results from a Swiss survey. Conference paper Swiss Transport Research Conference (STRC 2012), Monte Verità (CH),
May 2 - 4, 2012, 25 p. [formato PDF, 190 kB].
"A recent study aimed to estimate the potential of carpooling in Switzerland. Part of this study was a survey in which the attitude of the public towards this transport option was investigated using both multi-response questions and a stated preference (SP) experiment. This paper reports on the results of the multi-response questionnaire. The main contribution of this paper is to give an insight on the reasons that motivate Swiss people to consider car-pooling as a possible alternative to driving alone with their own private car. Additionally, a subset of the questionnaire was the basis for factor analysis and cluster analysis. Four different clusters were found which are supposed to represent the main orientations toward carpooling among the population. This analysis is valuable to figure out possible strategies in order to introduce carpooling at a larger scale in Switzerland. The results of the questionnaire show that some parts of the population would be ready to embrace this mode of transport, in some cases even enthusiastically. This is true in particular for well educated, relatively affluent people. However, the responses suggest also that in order to exploit this potential, a system able to address some of the typical issues related to carpooling should be set-up. Safety is important but not the most important issue for potential participants. Practical aspects, like the guarantee of being able to go back home as a passenger if pools are arranged on a one-way basis, are those which worry respondents the most and, therefore, the most critical for carpooling success."
Développer une infrastructure de covoiturage? Opportunités et spécifications d’une organisation fonctionnelle et spatiale en vue d’une
expérimentation en Ile-de-France. Rapport complet. SETEC international, Paris, Juin 2010, 207 p. [formato PDF, 3,51 MB].
"Alors que beaucoup d’efforts sont portés sur les enjeux organisationnels du covoiturage (gestion dynamique de l’appariement
des covoitureurs, développement des sites Internet, solutions via la téléphonie mobile, etc.), les besoins en termes d’infrastructures
spécifiques nécessaires au développement du covoiturage spontané ou organisé ont été peu explorés, même si les aires de covoiturage
en France se sont beaucoup développées depuis le début de l’étude (janvier 2009).
Le postulat de la présente recherche est que le développement du covoiturage nécessite la création d’une nouvelle infrastructure :
un réseau de stations de covoiturage. Avec des stations bien organisées, bien localisées et offrant un maillage pertinent,
le covoiturage pourrait en effet trouver sa place dans le système de mobilité en étant un des éléments d’une offre globale de transport
alternative à l’automobile comme mode individuel. Cette place, nécessairement complémentaire aux transports en commun, et tirant
également parti du développement des modes doux, pourrait permettre d’entraîner des reports modaux importants, notamment pour les
déplacements domicile – travail. L’existence de stations orientées vers l’amélioration du covoiturage régulier et la prise en charge
du dossier par des autorités publiques peuvent permettre de lever les verrous limitant les initiatives qui ont déjà vu le jour dans
la sphère des systèmes et services."
Jean-Christophe Ballet, Robert Clavel,
Le covoiturage en France et en Europe. État des lieux et perspectives. (Rapports d’étude)
Certu, Lyon, 2007, 86 p. [formato PDF, 1,42 MB].
(disponibile anche su www.certu.fr , necessaria registrazione gratuita)
"Cette étude dresse un état des lieux des services de covoiturage en France et à l'étranger, en analysant l'ampleur
du phénomène par le biais d'éléments quantitatifs collectés via internet. Elle donne également des
éléments de recommandations pour encourager la pratique et franchir la « barrière psychologique » qui est un
des freins importants. Le thème du covoiturage dynamique, service particulièrement souple de covoiturage,
est également évoqué en mettant en lumière certaines expérimentations et outils techniques à disposition pour
permettre une bonne exploitation."
Jojob.it, il portale web dedicato alla mobilità aziendale.
BlaBlaCar, servizio di condivisione dell'auto via Web.
carpooling.com, Europe's largest carpooling network.
Carpooling.com connects people in over 40 countries so they can share their rides. Today the site is available in 7 languages: English, French, German, Greek, Italian, Polish and Spanish.
eRideShare.com (United States, Canada, Asia, Europe).
Covoiturage Grand Lyon, le portail du covoiturage dans le Grand Lyon.
Autostradecarpooling. Servizio di car pooling organizzato da Autostrade per l'Italia sulle autostrade A8 e A9 (Milano-Varese e Milano-Como).
Le autovetture con a bordo almeno 4 passeggeri hanno a disposizione una pista riservata al casello Milano Nord e pagano 50 centesimi di euro di pedaggio,
anzichè 1,40 euro, dal lunedì al venerdì (escluse festività infrasettimanali), in due fasce orarie distinte.
RoadSharing, servizio di Car pooling ed Autostop per trovare passaggi in auto, inquinare meno e risparmiare anche in autostrada.
Lingue: English, Italiano, Français, Español, Deutsch.
passaggio.it è il portale di car pooling che permette a chi cerca e a chi offre passaggi auto in Italia e in Europa di mettersi facilmente in contatto e viaggiare insieme.
mitfahrgelegenheit.de ist die unabhängige Mitfahrzentrale im Internet zur Vermittlung von Mitfahrgelegenheiten in Deutschland und Europa.
Carpoolplaza. Le site de référence du covoiturage partout en Belgique. Sito in lingua francese e fiamminga.
Covoiturage-gif.fr, Gif-sur-Yvette (France). Sito e servizio di car pooling realizzato per il comune di Gif-sur-Yvette dalla ditta Green Cove Ingénierie.
Londonliftshare. Servizio di car pooling organizzato dall'azienda Transport for London.
"Londonliftshare simply matches you with others wanting to travel in the same direction so you can share
the journey and the costs. It allows you to benefit from the convenience of the car, whilst alleviating the
associated problems of congestion and pollution."
Paola Stolfa (Mobility manager Comune di Pesaro),
Progetto mobilità condivisa. Presentazione Car pooling.
Pesaro, 28 maggio 2008, 16 slides [formato PDF, 644 kB].
"Il progetto di car pooling sarà attivo da settembre per i dipendenti degli enti ed associazioni aderenti all'
Osservatorio Tempi e Mobilità." Il servizio dovrebbe comprendere una polizza infortuni, un buono-taxi per imprevisti e
dei buoni per la parziale copertura dei costi per gli autisti.
Emidio Panna,
Il car pooling urbano-rurale. Progetto sperimentale di car-pooling in Provincia di Bergamo.
Presentazione al convegno "Mobilità leggera per aree fragili", Rovigo, 15 marzo 2008,
30 slides [formato PDF, 918 kB].
Carpooling a Bergamo. Progetto sperimentale di car-pooling Bergamo organizzato dalla Cooperativa Sociale La Ringhiera
di Albino, sostenuto dagli Enti Istituzionali quali la Provincia, Comune e ACI di Bergamo, e finanziato da alcune aziende private del territorio bergamasco.
Covoiturage.fr. Le site national du covoiturage (France).
123envoiture.com. Covoiturage en France et en Europe.
E-covoiturage.ch
servizio gratuito sostenuto dalla Confederazione Svizzera (in francese e tedesco)
InMacchinaInsieme.com
portale dedicato alla condivisione di percorsi automobilistici brevi e lunghi che fa incontrare i bisogni di guidatori che offrono posti auto liberi e viaggiatori che ricercano un passaggio
(Italia)
Muoversi Meglio
servizio di Car Pooling in Italia
Tandem è un software di car pooling che permette a persone che compiono lo stesso percorso ad orari compatibili di comunicare tra loro e organizzarsi in equipaggi al fine di condividere il tragitto verso una destinazione comune
(servizio offerto dalla ditta Img Internet).
RideShare
Piattaforma online per condividere i viaggi
in Svizzera. Sito in tedesco, francese ed italiano. (Servizio gratuito, bisogna
possedere un telefono cellulare).
CAR SHARING (CAR CLUBS, AUTOPARTAGE, USO CONDIVISO DELL'AUTO = uso in comune di un parco auto)
Ortega Hortelano, A., Tsakalidis, A., Haq, A., Gkoumas, K., Stepniak, M., Marques Dos Santos, F., Grosso, M. and Pekar, F.,
Research and innovation in car sharing in Europe. EUR 30998 EN.
Publications Office of the European Union, Ispra, 2022, 75 p. [formato PDF, 2,2 MB]. Open Access.
"This report provides a comprehensive analysis of R&I related to car sharing in Europe. The assessment follows the methodology developed by the European Commission's Transport Research
and Innovation Monitoring and Information System (TRIMIS). The report critically assesses research by thematic areas, highlighting recent technological and other developments and future needs.
The projects were grouped according to six key thematic areas: Better understanding of impacts (economy, environmental); User behaviour and acceptance of car sharing schemes; Information
Technology development: apps, websites, connected cars; Vehicle technology: electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, ergonomics, automated vehicles; Development and implementation; and Others:
stakeholder engagement, regulations, and policies. Three main findings arise. First, most of the projects target urban environment, which makes sense from the industry point of view and potential
users. Second, there has been an increase in funding support for car sharing schemes in the recent years , especially through R&I projects focusing on the development of Information Technology
(IT) solutions: apps, websites, connected cars, etc. Finally, countries with significant public investments in R&I and a substantial transport industry, as well as consultancy and IT related
companies, appear well placed to adopt car sharing schemes."
Vasja Roblek, Maja Meško and Iztok Podbregar,
Impact of Car Sharing on Urban Sustainability. Review.
Sustainability 2021, 13(2), 905 (19 p.) [formato PDF, 1,9 MB]. Open Access.
"The article gives us an insight into the key issues of car sharing and its impact on urban sustainability. A selection of 314 articles published in peer-reviewed journals from the Scopus
database were analysed using Leximancer 5.0 for Automated Content analysis. A total of seven themes were identified explaining the researched topic of the car sharing situation in Europe, which
are sharing, economy, model, systems, electrical car sharing, policy and travel. There are two ways of sharing owned cars in Europe; access to cars from the fleet of private organisations and P2P
car sharing. Sustainable environmental solutions in the context of the electrification of cars are used. Car sharing usually takes place online and can be free or for a fee as defined by The
European Economic and Social Committee. The article provides an overview of understanding the concept of urban car sharing in Europe."
Aaron Kolleck,
Does Car-Sharing Reduce Car Ownership? Empirical Evidence from Germany.
Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7384 (17 p.) [formato PDF, 1,5 MB]. Open Access.
"The sharing economy is making its way into our everyday lives. One of its business models, car-sharing, has become highly popular. Can it help us increase our sustainability? Besides
emissions and vehicle miles traveled, one key aspect in the assessment regards the effect of car-sharing on car ownership. Previous studies investigating this effect have relied almost exclusively
on surveys and come to very heterogeneous results, partly suggesting spectacular substitution rates between shared and private cars. This study empirically explores the impact of car-sharing on
noncorporate car ownership and car markets in 35 large German cities. The analysis draws on publicly available data for the years 2012, 2013, 2015, and 2017, including, among others, the number
of shared cars per operating mode (free-floating and station-based) and the number of cars owned and registered by private individuals (i.e., excluding company cars). We find that one additional
station-based car is associated with a reduction of about nine private cars. We do not find a statistically significant relation between car ownership and free-floating car-sharing. Neither type
of car-sharing appears to impact the markets for used and new cars significantly. Given the measurable impacts on car ownership levels, this result is surprising and invites future research to
study car-sharing's impact on the dynamics of car markets"
Andrea Chicco, Marco Diana (Politecnico di Torino),
Air emissions impacts of modal diversion patterns induced by one-way car sharing: A case study from the city of Turin.
Transportation Research Part D 91 (2021) 102685 (15 p.) [formato PDF, 1,7 MB]. Open Access.
"This paper aims to understand to which extent the spread of one-way car sharing in an urban area can contribute to limit air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions by diverting trips
from existing travel means. Modal switch models informed the definition of five mobility scenarios in the city of Turin (Italy). Related emissions were quantified to understand how to maximise
the positive environmental impacts of car sharing. Models' results indicate that the car sharing modal share might increase up to a maximum of 10%. The diverted travel demand is mainly subtracted
from private cars, however environmental benefits are partially offset by switches from public transport and active modes. The planning scenario would lead to a reduction of the externalities
related to the emissions produced by the whole transport system of 1% in terms of social costs. Such benefits can be increased up to 3.6% by promoting electric car sharing fleets."
Jeroen Kloeke (TU Delft),
Identifying the barriers for diffusion of stationary car sharing in the Netherlands using an innovation system approach. Scientific paper.
TU Delft, 2018, 14 p. [formato PDF, 1,4 MB].
"Privately owned cars are causing negative externalities like pollution, CO2 emissions and extensive use of public space. Car sharing can be seen as a solution to reduce these
negative externalities. Still, a rapid transition from privately owned cars to shared cars is not taking place, given the number of shared cars in the Netherlands. An innovation system
methodology is applied to identify the blocking mechanisms for diffusion of car sharing in the Netherlands. Assessing the performance by the stakeholders showed that car sharing has
difficulty in competing with existing mobility solutions, such as the private car or public transport. Besides, there are also difficulties in turning knowledge, networks and markets
in viable car sharing concepts. Barriers found in the innovation system for car sharing in the Netherlands perceived by all stakeholders are the lack of profitability of business models,
limited accessibility/interoperability of car sharing services and an unequal fiscal level playing field for automobility. Future research should lead to identification of effects of
solutions aimed at reducing these barriers."
Michiko Namazu,
The evolution of carsharing : heterogeneity in adoption and impacts.
Ph.D. Thesis, Resource Management and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, March 2017, 153 p. [formato PDF, 3,1 MB].
The focus of this thesis lies on understanding how heterogeneity in carsharing (CS) and members at different stages of its adoption in society shape its impacts on Greenhouse Gas
(GHG) emissions and car ownership. Past studies have two shortcomings: they do not acknowledge the bias that could arise due to the keen interest of early adopters, and they did not tease
out the role of service type in observing outcomes of interest. The serial studies in this thesis found the potential of CS to reduce GHGs and vehicle dependency. However, this does not
mean that CS promises to always provide these benefits to everyone. The positive effects found among early adopters do not guarantee that the same effects would be realized among coming
adopters especially because early adopters of CS are atypical of the general public in many individual and household characteristics. This is the one of the two primary findings from
this thesis: the dynamics of CS service diffusion. As the adoption stage matures, the usage and roles of CS would be changing hence the effects. The second primary finding is the
importance of heterogeneity between CS services. Two distinct CS services were found to have different impacts in vehicle ownership change, suggesting that the heterogeneities among
CS services affect how the services are utilized; hence what kind of effects the CS services bring to society. Policy makers often generalize various CS services as CS; however, the
heterogeneities will need a more careful attention and specifically tailored policies in order to ensure CS impacts continue to align with sound urban transport policy. These dynamic
changes will affect how CS services should be maintained. Managing shared properties has been a challenging issue, and this may become even more difficult with more diverse users and
CS service models. Active knowledge sharing and collaborations among stakeholders (policy makers, CS providers, and scholars) may be a kay factor to bring further benefits to all. As
CS carries the word of "sharing", if these stakeholders could build a better collaborative "sharing" environment, a large part of the potential of CS may be feasible.
Regina R. Clewlow,
Carsharing and sustainable travel behavior: Results from the San Francisco Bay Area,
Transport Policy 51 (2016) 158-164 (20 p.) [formato PDF, 233 kB].
"Over the past decade, carsharing has grown considerably in the United States, particularly in major metropolitan areas. This innovative business model offers individuals the
opportunity to rent cars by the hour, providing them with greater flexibility for their mobility. Previous work on carsharing suggests that its adoption leads to a decline in household
vehicle ownership, vehicle miles traveled, and associated greenhouse gas emissions. Utilizing representative data from the 2010-2012 California Household Travel Survey, this paper presents
an analysis of travel behavior and vehicle ownership among carshare members versus non-members in the San Francisco Bay Area, focusing on a subsample of the population with access to
carsharing at the U.S. census tract level. Consistent with previous findings on vehicle reduction, these results show that carsharing members own significantly fewer vehicles than
non-members. However, lower levels of vehicle ownership are only found among households living in urban areas. In dense, urban neighborhoods, households with carsharing membership
own 0.58 vehicles per household as compared with 0.96 vehicles of a control group. Suburban carshare members drive less than their non-carshare member counterparts - although the extent
to which this difference can be attributed to self-selection it is unknown. This study also finds that among carsharing households that do own vehicles, a greater share of those vehicles
are alternative vehicles (e.g., hybrid, plug-in hybrid electric, and battery electric). Among vehicles owned by the subsample examined in this study, electric drive vehicles represent
18.3% of those owned by carshare member households, as compared with 10.2% of the vehicles owned by non-carsharing households. This analysis finds that not only are urban carshare
members likely to own fewer vehicles than the rest of the population, if they do own vehicles, they are more likely to own a vehicle with a smaller environmental footprint."
Eric Petersen, Yunfei Zhang, Ali Darwiche,
Modeling Car Sharing and Its Impact on Auto Ownership: Evidence from Vancouver and Seattle.
Conference Paper, TAC 2016 Annual Conference and Exhibition "Efficient Transportation - Managing the Demand", September 25-28, 2016, Toronto, Ontario (Canada), 20 p. [formato PDF, 1,1 MB].
"Car sharing is a relatively recent phenomenon but an increasingly important phenomenon in understanding urban household travel behavior. TransLink, the agency responsible for carrying
out regional transportation planning for metropolitan Vancouver, British Columbia, and the Puget Sound Regional Council (PSRC) the MPO for metropolitan Seattle, have started
investigating this issue. Their recent travel surveys asked the question of all households whether anyone in the household was a member of a car sharing service (not merely using a ride sharing
app such as Uber or Lyft). In addition to investigating the impact of car sharing membership on household auto ownership, these surveys provide insight into whether car sharing services lead to
a net increase or decrease in motorized travel at the household level.
Two models are investigated in this paper. First, a conventional model of household auto ownership is estimated with car sharing treated as an exogenous input, along with a stand-alone
model of car sharing membership. This is followed by a more complex household mobility model that is outlined in the paper (a simultaneous model of household car sharing and auto
ownership), which only would make sense in the context of an activity-based model or at least a model with a population synthesizer.
In terms of model results, income is a major predictor of car sharing membership and auto ownership. As expected, the presence of seniors in household and proximity to car sharing lot
have the biggest impact on car sharing membership. These variables also impact auto ownership directly, though we find number of workers in the household to play an even larger direct role in
auto ownership.
As far as the overall implications emerging from these models, we recommend that auto ownership models be refined to take car sharing membership and ideally transit pass holding into
account. In most cases, a series of sequential models will be more feasible than estimating and implementing the simultaneous household mobility model outlined in this paper. Given the
strong growth of car sharing in the Pacific Northwest, as well as across North America, we recommend that further research into car sharing membership be carried out, and this of course
also means monitoring the growth in usage of traditional car sharing services, as well as the car ride services, which have been transforming the urban transportation system in recent years."
Gerrit Remane, Robert C. Nickerson, Andre Hanelt, Jan F. Tesch, Lutz M. Kolbe,
A Taxonomy of Carsharing Business Models. Completed Research Paper.
37th International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS 2016), Dublin, December 11-14, 2016, 19 p. [formato PDF, 643 kB].
"Carsharing clubs that grant members temporary access to vehicles have existed for
more than half a century. Only recently, however, have advances in digital technologies
such as the mobile Internet begun to foster new carsharing business models, thereby
increasing the attractiveness of carsharing for both operators and users. Thus far, these
new business models have typically been classified as roundtrip, point-to-point,
nonprofit/cooperative, or P2P carsharing. However, not all operators fit neatly into
these rather broad groups. Moreover, significant differences exist among the business
models of operators within the same group. Therefore, we complement these archetypes
by developing a taxonomy of carsharing business models. This classification scheme
translates the aforementioned technological advances into the creation of economic
value and can be used for a more accurate analysis of existing operators as well as the
systematic discovery of new business models."
Junhee Kang, Keeyeon Hwang and Sungjin Park (Hongik University),
Finding Factors that Influence Carsharing Usage: Case Study in Seoul.
Sustainability 2016, 8, 709 (12 p.) [formato PDF, 2,2 MB]. Open Access.
"The goal of this research is to investigate the factors that affect carsharing demand. As a proxy for carsharing demand, the number of (booking)
transactions made by carsharing users is counted based on the data from one of the two major carsharing operators in Seoul, Korea. In order to identify
the factors influencing station-based carsharing usage, multiple linear regression modeling was performed with the number of carsharing transactions as
a dependent variable and with the three groups of independent variables: Built environment, demographic, and transportation variables. Instead of using
the locations of the pods, this study uses the residential locations of carsharing users who made transactions, and the final result analyzing 420
districts shows that six variables significantly influence carsharing usage. Carsharing demand is high in an area where a higher proportion of building
floor area is used for business, and which has a higher proportion of young residents in their 20s and 30s. It can also be predicted that the area with
more registered cars and less subway entrances will show higher carsharing demand. The analysis result also suggests that providing additional carsharing
pods, especially pods that utilize city owned public parking facilities, will help promote carsharing usage. This research establishes a basis for future
research efforts to forecast carsharing demand and to identify areas with high potential, especially in major Asian cities."
Francesco Ferrero, Guido Perboli, Andrea Vesco, Valeria Caiati, Luca Gobbato,
Car-sharing services - part A, Taxonomy and annotated review. (Research papers CIRRELT-2015-47).
CIRRELT, Montréal, Canada, September 2015, 44 p. [formato PDF, 3,08 MB].
Francesco Ferrero, Guido Perboli, Andrea Vesco, Stefano Musso, Andrea Pacifici,
Car-sharing services - part B, Business and service models. (Research papers CIRRELT-2015-48).
CIRRELT, Montréal, Canada, September 2015, 42 p. [formato PDF, 1,40 MB].
Romeo Danielis, Lucia Rotaris, Andrea Rusich, Eva Valeri (Univ. di Trieste),
The potential demand for carsharing from university students: an Italian case study. (Working paper SIET).
SIET, 2015, 25 p. [formato PDF, 1,13 MB].
"The paper presents a methodology to estimate the potential demand for carsharing from university students. The methodology is based on two surveys: a paper-and-pencil questionnaire and a detailed computer-assisted interview. The data collected are used to operationalize a model that estimates the generalized cost under alternative scenarios, with and without carsharing. A Monte Carlo simulation procedure is used to estimate the probability that a person would use carsharing. The methodology has been tested with the students enrolled at the University of Trieste. The main finding is that, under the prevailing conditions, 32% of the sample students would benefit in terms of generalised cost from the use of carsharing if private car was unavailable. The model is also used to perform scenario analysis."
Diana Jorge, Gonçalo Correia (Univ. of Coimbra),
Carsharing systems demand estimation and defined operations: a literature review.
European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, EJTIR 13(3), 2013, pp.201-220 [formato PDF, 401 KB].
"Efforts have been made in the last few decades to provide new urban transport alternatives. One of these is carsharing, which
involves a fleet of vehicles scattered around a city for the use of a group of members. At first, part of the research effort was put
into setting up real life experiments with vehicle fleets and observing the performance of major private operators. In the meantime,
with the growth of this alternative and the need to better plan its deployment, researchers started to create more advanced methods to
study carsharing systems’ planning issues. In this paper, we review those methods, identifying gaps and suggesting how to bridge them
in the future. Based on that review we concluded that carsharing demand is difficult to model due to the fact that the availability of
vehicles is intrinsically dependent on the number of trips and vice versa. Moreover, despite the existence of carsharing simulation
models that offer very detailed mobility representations, no model is able to characterise accurately the supply side, thus hindering
the cost-benefit assessment that is fundamental to justify investment in this transport alternative, in particular those that are being
endorsed by the European Union. More complex, however, is the operation of the emerging one-way carsharing systems, where a vehicle may
be dropped off at any station, which adds uncertainty as to the location where vehicles can be picked up. Several optimisation approaches
have been proposed to mitigate this problem but they are always limited in scope and leave other aspects out for model simplification
purposes. Some simulation models have also been developed to study the performance of this type of carsharing system, but they have not
included ways of balancing the vehicle stocks."
Marco Kouwenhoven, Eric Kroes, Cyrille Gazave, Eric Tardivel,
Estimating potential demand for Autolib’ – a new transport system for Paris, International Choice Modelling Conference 2011,
Leeds, 4-6 July 2011, 19 p. [formato PDF, 418 kB].
"The City of Paris, together with surrounding “communes”, has created a public authority to
investigate the possibility to launch by the end of 2011 a new transport system: Autolib’. The
project is related to the highly successful Velib’ project that was installed in Paris a few years
ago. Autolib’ is essentially a system of 4,000 “shared” electric cars that can be used for oneway
trips of limited distance between 1,400 parking points within central Paris and the
surrounding regions. Details of the fare system are still being studied, but it is envisioned that
the user would pay a subscription fee and a variable cost depending on the duration of use.
And importantly: there would be a guaranteed parking space at the destination of the trip.
Avis, RATP, SNCF and VINCI Park formed a consortium to bid for the operation of the
Autolib’ system. They have commissioned research to estimate the potential demand and
revenue for the new Autolib’ service with the highest possible accuracy. This to help them to
shape the service in the best possible way, to determine the financial conditions and the economic basis of the project.
In the paper we briefly introduce the proposed new system, and report the stated choice
research that was carried out to estimate the potential demand. The following three experiments were conducted:
a stated intentions exercise to measure the absolute willingness to subscribe to the
new Autolib’ concept for different specifications of the system and its pricing;
a stated choice experiment to measure preferences for different combinations of
characteristics in the specification of the Autolib’ system and its pricing;
a stated choice experiment investigating mode choice among three alternatives:
chosen mode, best alternative mode, newly proposed mode in varying specifications.
In the paper we describe the chosen methodology, the way in which the results of the three
experiments have been integrated, the implementation of the population simulator and what
we feel are five important elements in estimating potential demand for a new transport mode using stated choice experiments."
Susan A. Shaheen, Adam P. Cohen, Elliot Martin (Univ. of California, Berkeley),
Carsharing Parking Policy: A Review of North American Practices and San Francisco Bay Area Case Study, (Research Report UCD-ITS-RR-10-08),
2010 Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, March 15, 2010. Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis, 20 p. [formato PDF, 1,68 MB].
"Carsharing provides users access to a shared vehicle fleet for short-term use throughout the day,
reducing the need for private vehicles. The provision of on-street and public off-street parking
dedicated to carsharing is an important policy area confronting public agencies. As of July 2009,
approximately 377,600 individuals were carsharing members in North America in about 57
metropolitan areas. A total of 17 jurisdictions, one state (California), and eight public transit
operators in North America have formal and informal carsharing parking policies, pilot projects,
and proposed legislation. These are reviewed in this paper, along with a framework for
carsharing parking policy that reflects three levels of governmental support.
In addition, the authors examine carsharing parking policies in three jurisdictions in the
San Francisco Bay Area, which accounts for an estimated 50,000 carsharing members and 1,100
shared-use vehicles. Supporting this examination is an intercept survey on carsharing parking
(n=425) conducted in the Bay Area. Results show that most people supported the conversion of
some type of spaces for carsharing use, and 48% thought that carsharing organizations should
compensate the city for on-street spaces. At the same time, converting most types of spaces was
opposed by at least 20% of respondents. Neighborhood residents were generally more in favor of
parking conversion for carsharing than people visiting the area for work or errands. Finally, a
majority (61%) felt that non-profits should have priority over for-profit organizations for
carsharing spaces and should pay less than for-profit organizations."
Adam P. Cohen, Susan A. Shaheen, and Ryan McKenzie,
Carsharing: a guide for local planners.
American Planning Association, May/June 2008, 11 p. [formato PDF, 136 kB].
"Transportation issues can create seemingly no-win conflicts for planners,
whether it's dealing with traffic demand management, wrangling over
parking requirements, addressing quality of life issues that accompany
traffic congestion, or trying to reduce vehicle emissions to forestall
climate change. A new "product-as-service" approach to vehicle use, called
carsharing, is springing up in major metropolitan markets, smaller
districts, and university campuses all across the country. Where the
conditions are right to support carsharing, these programs can give
planners another flexible tool to help address these issues in their
communities. Carsharing: A Guide for Local Planners provides an overview
of what local governments and urban planners need to know about carsharing
and key policies that can be used to encourage carsharing as a
transportation alternative in your city."
Sintetica guida con esempi di car sharing negli USA e bibliografia.
Marco Mastretta (ICS),
Lo sviluppo del servizio di car sharing in Italia: analisi delle principali esperienze nazionali
e linee evolutive. Relazione a MobilityTech, Bologna, 29-30.10.2007,
82 slides [file PDF, 5,46 MB].
Claudia Nobis (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt, Institut für Verkehrsforschung),
Car Sharing as a Key Contribution to Multimodal and Sustainable Mobility Behavior – the Situation of Car Sharing in Germany.
Transportation Research Record No. 1986 (2006) p. 89-97 [formato PDF, 112 KB].
"The present paper investigates, on the basis of a household survey, the awareness and the market potential of mobility service
car sharing in Germany. The results show that the majority of the respondents do not know what the term car sharing stands for.
Even within the sub-group of people who could explain what car sharing is, local car sharing offers are not well known. To
measure the attitudes towards the different modes of transport and the acceptance of the general idea to share a car with other
people, statement batteries were used. On the basis of factor analyses, linear and logistic regression models, the factors are
determined that influence whether a person has a liking for car sharing or not. Furthermore, the correlation between attitudes
and behavioral aspects are revealed. In this context, people with multimodal mobility behavior are found to be more open-minded
for shared used vehicle systems. Finally, by taking subjective (attitudes) and objective criteria (current mobility behavior)
into account, the potential of car sharing is estimated. The paper starts with a short history of the development and the current
status quo of car sharing in Germany and a brief summary of the previous research. In the end recommendations for the further development of car sharing are given."
car2go, società di carsharing della Daimler Mobility Services GmbH, presente in America Settentrionale, Europa, Cina, e in 4 città italiane: Firenze, Milano, Roma, Torino.
Enjoy, servizio di carsharing di ENI con veicoli disponibili in 5 città italiane: Milano, Roma, Torino, Catania, Firenze.
Share'ngo, servizio di carsharing elettrico, presente in molti paesi e in 4 città italiane: Milano, Firenze, Roma, Modena.
E-VAI, società di carsharing ecologico lombardo, dispone di auto elettriche o Euro 5. La società è soggetta a direzione e coordinamento di FNM SpA, gruppo integrato nel trasporto e nella mobilità in Lombardia e nel Nord Italia.
Ubeeqo (Milano).
Società specializzata in carsharing presente nelle principali città europee. Ha preso il posto di GuidaMI, società di ATM (Azienda Trasporti Milanesi), già Car Sharing Italia s.r.l.,
società che aveva assorbito Milano Car Sharing, fondata da Legambiente Lombardia.
ICS - Iniziativa Car Sharing,
portale italiano dedicato al car sharing.
ICS è la struttura di coordinamento delle realtà locali del Car Sharing,
promossa e sostenuta dal Ministero dell’Ambiente, per fornire assistenza alle
città che intendano sviluppare sistemi di Car Sharing con l'obbiettivo di
istituire uno standard nazionale operativo e tecnologico, procedure unificate
in una prospettiva unitaria ed evidenziare le caratteristiche che una
organizzazione deve avere per avviare con successo un servizio di Car Sharing.