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DOCUMENTI
L’Observatoire national de la délinquance dans les transports. Au service de la sûreté dans les transports.
Ministère de l'Ecologie, de l'Energie, du Développement durable et de la Mer, Paris, Mars 2009, 16 p. [formato PDF, 1,17 MB].
"Cet observatoire s’inscrit dans une stratégie de plusieurs décennies pour mettre en oeuvre, au sein de l’État, une politique efficace de prévention et de lutte contre la délinquance dans les transports. Cette brochure présente les missions et l’organisation de l’ONDT ainsi que les outils mis en place pour répondre aux phénomènes de violence dans les transports, à la fin des années 1990 : contrats locaux de sécurité, services dédiés à la lute contre la délinquance dans les transports dans la police et chez les opérateurs."
Bojan Mednikarov, Kiril Kolev,
Terrorism on the Sea, Piracy, and Maritime Security.
Information & Security, Vol.19, 2006, 102-114 (13 p.) [formato PDF, 133 kB].
"Analyzing sea terrorism and its influence on maritime security, the authors
reveal the main sources of this phenomenon, its character and strong connection
with piracy. The article examines major tactical forms, ways and methods used
by sea terrorists and the necessity to adapt the system for education of maritime
personnel."
Vandalism, terrorism and security in urban public transport. ECMT Round Table 123.
ECMT, Paris, 2003, 156 p. [formato PDF, 1,0 MB].
Carl Magnus Berglund, Esbjörn Lindqvist, Kerstin Robertson, Lotta Schmidt,
Trygghet i storstädernas transportsystem. Möjligheter att identifiera kostnadseffektiva åtgärder
(Safety and security in city traffic – Methods for identification of cost-efficient measures). VTI rapport 526.
VTI, Linköping, 2006, 56 p. [formato PDF, 610 kB].
"Safety and security are important issues for society. In traffic environments both traffic itself and other people may contribute to feelings of insecurity. This may affect people’s habits and may even result in that certain people avoid public places such as streets, squares, parks and public transportation. Feelings of insecurity may thus prevent some people from travelling or from using a preferred mode of transportation. Further, people differ in how insecurity is perceived. This may result in that different people have unequal possibilities to use various modes of transportation. The feelings of insecurity is also affected by; the risk that next of kin (especially children) may be involved in an accident or assaulted, the degree of control and capacity, and the extent of a possible accident or assault.
This report includes an inventory and analysis of the extent and the context of feelings of insecurity in traffic environments based on a literature review. Also causes and measures are included. The possibility to improve the basis for planning and development of the traffic environment for reducing feelings of insecurity is discussed.
A model for structuring the city and traffic environment is suggested. The model facilitates analyses of causes of feelings of insecurity, the identification of measures and the identification of relevant actors. By identifying the structural level of a specific insecurity problem, the identification of measures is facilitated by being related to a specific place, time and situation as well as relevant actors and areas of responsibilities. The structural levels suggested are:
city environment; traffic environment; vehicles/modes of transport; other people.
The complexity of feelings of insecurity calls for further development of methods and methodology for analyses and evaluations of causes and measures, e.g. the use of qualitative methods for evaluation of cost-efficiency of various measures. For some instances this approach may be more appropriate than quantitative (monetary) methods.
Many measures for improving security in city traffic environment have been identified. However, a need for development of the methodology for cost effect analyses has been identified. Also, the knowledge about synergies and conflicts between different objectives, or different groups of people, that may result from the implementation of measures for improving security need to be developed."
Written in Swedish with an English summary.
Charlotte Alm (Univ. of Linköping), Erik Lindberg (Banverket),
Betydelsen av upplevda risker och känslor av otrygghet vid resor med kollektivtrafik – En undersökning i Göteborg samt jämförelse med resultat från Norrköping och Stockholm
(The importance of preceived risks and feelings of unsafety associated with travels with public transport modes. A study in Göteborg as well as a comparison
with results from Norrköping and Stockholm). VTI meddelande 962.
VTI, Linköping, 2004, 42 p. [formato PDF, 754 kB].
"A questionnaire was constructed in order to study perceived attractiveness, feelings of unsafety and different types of perceived risks connected to five different transport modes (car, city bus, tram, regional bus and commuter train). The questionnaire was filled out by 58 persons (30 women and 28 men), ranging in ages from 21 to 78, at the city library in Gothenburg.
The participants were to state what they thought about travelling with the transport modes along with their general opinion about these modes of transportation. Also, the participants were to judge the risk of being seriously injured in traffic accidents, the risk of being bothered, threatened or attacked by fellow passengers in connection with travels. The participants were to state how often they worried about being seriously injured in traffic accidents, being bothered, threatened or attacked while travelling with the transport modes. The participants were to judge how often they had felt unsafe while travelling with the different transport modes and how often they had avoided travelling because they thought they would feel unsafe. They were also to judge to what extent different circumstances (such as day of the week and bad lighting) contributed to their feelings of unsafety while walking to or waiting at bus stops etc and while travelling with different public transport modes. Also they were to state their age, gender, education and usage of transport modes. The participants were further given the option to state if there are certain areas where they avoid to travel with the public modes of transportation. Also the participants could state which transport modes and during which circumstances they avoid to travel."
Written in Swedish with an English summary.
Charlotte Alm (Univ. of Linköping), Erik Lindberg (Banverket),
Kollektivtrafik i storstad – undviker människor att resa på grund av otrygghet?
(Public transportation in the city – Do people avoid travelling because they feel unsafe?). VTI meddelande 941.
VTI, Linköping, 2003, 37 p. [formato PDF, 190 kB].
"A questionnaire was constructed in order to study perceived attractiveness, feelings of unsafety and different types of perceived risks connected to six different transport modes (car, city bus, tram, regional bus, commuter train and subway). The questionnaire was filled out by 59 persons, 32 women and 27 men, in ages from 19 to 67 in central Stockholm.
The participants were to state what they thought about travelling with the transport modes along with their general opinion about these modes of transportation. Also, the participants were to judge the accident risk, the risk of being bothered, threatened or attacked by fellow passengers in connection with travels. The participants were to state how often they worried about being involved in a traffic accident, being bothered, threatened or attacked while travelling with the transport modes. The participants were to judge to what extent they had felt unsafe while travelling with the different transport modes and to what extent they had avoided travelling because they thought they would feel unsafe. They were also to judge to what extent different circumstances (such as day of the week and bad lighting) contributed to their feelings of unsafety while walking to or waiting at bus stops etc. and while travelling with different public transport modes. Also they were to state their age, gender, education and usage of transport modes. The participants were further given the option to state if there are certain areas where they avoid travelling with the public modes of transportation. The participants should even state which transport modes and during which circumstances they avoid travelling.
The participants stated that they liked it better to travel with car than with commuter train and subway, although there were no differences between car and the different public transport modes concerning the general opinion that they had about these modes of transportation. However, the participants stated that they had a more positive attitude towards tram than towards regional bus and commuter train. The results show that the respondents worry more often and rate the risk of being involved in traffic accidents with car as greater than with the public transport modes. The results also show that the respondents worry more often and rate the risk of being bothered, threatened or attacked as greater when travelling with the public modes of transportation than with car. In sum, these results suggest that perceived risk and worry of being bothered, threatened or attacked when travelling with any given mode of transportation might have a larger impact on perceived attractiveness of that transport mode than do perceived risk and worry of being involved in traffic accidents with that same mode of transportation.
The participants stated that they had felt unsafe more often when travelling with commuter train and subway than when travelling with the remaining modes of transportation.
Women stated that they worry more often and rate the risk of being threatened as greater with city bus than the men did. The women also stated that they worry more often of being bothered, threatened or attacked when travelling with tram than the men do, and that they more often felt unsafe when travelling with these modes of transportation.
Finally the results show that different circumstances (particularity walking through a pedestrian tunnel, the bus stop etc. being remotely situated or situated next to a park/forest) were considered to contribute to feelings of unsafely when walking to and waiting at the bus stop etc. Also, when travelling with the different public transport modes the participants stated that they felt unsafe if drivers/personnel do not supervise their vehicle, if it’s a Friday or Saturday evening or if they are travelling alone. Women stated to a higher extent than men that different circumstances contribute to feelings of unsafely when walking to and waiting at the bus stop etc. as well as when travelling with different public transport modes."
Written in Swedish with an English summary.
Charlotte Alm (Univ. of Linköping), Erik Lindberg (Banverket),
Upplevd trygghet vid resor med kollektiva transportmedel (Perceived security in public transport). VTI meddelande 919.
VTI, Linköping, 2002, 37 p. [formato PDF, 1,32 MB].
"People perceive feelings of safety and attractiveness to be different depending on the transport mode. People perceive private cars to be more attractive than public transport modes. The attractiveness might be affected by perceived risks and worry of being bothered, threatened and violated by fellow passengers while travelling. Individual differences might have an affect on perceived attractiveness, feelings of safety and perceptions of risks."
Written in Swedish with an English summary.
Charlotte Alm and Erik Lindberg (Univ. of Linköping),
Perceived Risk, Feelings of Safety and Worry Associated with Different Travel Modes. Pilot study.
KFB, Kommunikationsforskningsberedningen, Stockholm, 2000, 42 p. [formato PDF, 754 kB].
"Subjective perceptions of transport-related risks (both accidents and violence), feelings
of safety and worry associated with different transport modes (car, taxi, city bus,
regional bus, train, ferry and aeroplane) were studied by means of a questionnaire.
Questionnaires were filled out by 100 respondents, 53 men and 47 women, aged
between 13 and 81, who were recruited at local libraries in Linköping. The respondents
were to rate the perceived accident risk, risk of violence and a number of characteristics
of risks associated with different transport modes. They were further to valuate risk
reduction and rate the perceived locus of responsibility for accidents and violence for
each transport mode. Also, ratings were made of feelings of safety, frequency of
experienced fear and worry associated with the different transport modes. Further, the
respondents were to state their age, sex, level of education, exposure to the transport
modes, personal experience of accidents and violence (both by personal involvement in
and through remembrance of mass media reports of accidents/violence situations).
They were also to rate how often they felt unsafe and worried in connection with
different travel-related places/situations (parking lots, bus stops etc.) and the extent to
which different circumstances (e. g. lighting and time of day) contributed to their
feelings of unsafety. Finally, the respondents were to rate themselves on a number of
personality characteristics.
The results of the present study suggest that there are important differences between
perceived accident risk, risk of violence and feelings of safety associated with different
transport modes. The present results also suggest that individual differences (i. e. sex,
age, exposure to different transport modes, personal experience of accidents and
violence situations and different personality characteristics) may have effects on
perceived risk and feelings of safety associated with different transport modes.
However, in order to make a more detailed assessment of the impact of these factors on
the perceived attractiveness of different public transport modes, further studies are needed."
People's perceptions of personal security and their concerns about crime on public transport. Literature Review.
Department for Transport, London, 2005, 59 p. [formato PDF, 322 kB].
People's perceptions of personal security and their concerns about crime on public transport. Research Findings.
Department for Transport, London, 2005, 114 p. [formato PDF, 672 kB].
Brian Taylor, Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris, Robin Liggett, Camille Fink, Martin Wachs, Ellen Cavanagh, Christopher Cherry, Peter J. Haas,
Designing and Operating Safe and Secure Transit Systems: Assessing Current Practices in the United States and Abroad.
(MTI Report 04-05).
Mineta Transportation Institute, San José State University, San Jose, CA, November 2005, 306 p. [formato PDF, 5,39 MB].
"Public transit systems around the world have for decades served as a principal venue for terrorist acts.
Today, transit security is widely viewed as an important public policy issue and is a high priority at
most large transit systems and at smaller systems operating in large metropolitan areas. Research on
transit security in the United States has mushroomed since 9/11; this study is part of that new wave of
research. This study contributes to our understanding of transit security by (1) reviewing and
synthesizing nearly all previously published research on transit terrorism; (2) conducting detailed case
studies of transit systems in London, Madrid, New York, Paris, Tokyo, and Washington, D.C.; (3)
interviewing federal officials here in the United States responsible for overseeing transit security and
transit industry representatives both here and abroad to learn about efforts to coordinate and finance
transit security planning; and (4) surveying 113 of the largest transit operators in the United States.
Our major findings include: (1) the threat of transit terrorism is probably not universal—most major
attacks in the developed world have been on the largest systems in the largest cities; (2) this asymmetry
of risk does not square with fiscal politics that seek to spread security funding among many
jurisdictions; (3) transit managers are struggling to balance the costs and (uncertain) benefits of
increased security against the costs and (certain) benefits of attracting passengers; (4) coordination and
cooperation between security and transit agencies is improving, but far from complete; (5) enlisting
passengers in surveillance has benefits, but fearful passengers may stop using public transit; (6) the role
of crime prevention through environmental design in security planning is waxing; and (7) given the
uncertain effectiveness of antitransit terrorism efforts, the most tangible benefits of increased attention
to and spending on transit security may be a reduction in transit-related person and property crimes."
Camille Fink, Brian Taylor, Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris (UCLA Institute of Transportation Studies),
From Policy and Response to System Design and Operations: Inter-Governmental Transit Security Planning in the U.S..
Journal of Public Transportation, Vol. 8, No. 4, 2005, 1-16 [formato PDF, 97 kB].
"The events of September 11th, 2001, brought the issue of transportation security and
terrorism to the forefront of civil society. Transit security is especially challenging
because of the nature of transit systems as open and accessible public places and
the need to keep these systems running quickly and efficiently; transit officials cannot
employ many of the security strategies used in aviation security. This paper examines
the recent developments in transit security planning in the U.S. using two sources of
data: 1) interviews with officials from federal agencies, a national transit industry
organization, and local transit agencies, and 2) a nationwide survey of transit operators.
The findings show that transit security remains a major concern for operators
who must work to balance security needs with operations and management goals.
Interagency coordination has become a crucial element of security planning. In addition,
environmental design and public outreach and education—two strategies that
received much less attention pre-September 11th—have emerged as much more
important in transit security planning."
Brian Michael Jenkins, Larry N. Gersten,
Protecting Public Surface Transportation Against Terrorism and Serious Crime: Continuing Research on Best Security Practices.
(MTI Report 01-07).
Mineta Transportation Institute, San José State University, San Jose, CA, September 2001, 124 p. [formato PDF, 1,24 MB].
"Assaults on public surface transportation systems have continued to take place worldwide without any
indication of abatement. This study continues earlier research on best security practices. It examines
security practices in effect at public surface transportation facilities in Tokyo and London—both
targets of terrorist attacks—and in the San Francisco Bay Area and the Santa Clara Valley of
California. It updates the chronology contained in the previous report and adds an annotated bibliography".
Patricia Weiser Easteal and Paul R Wilson,
Preventing crime on transport. Canberra : Australian Institute of Criminology, 1991 [online book, html].
Carolin Axthelm,
Kriminalität im Schienenverkehr in Ballungsräumen. (Schriftenreihe des Instituts für Verkehr ; Heft B6).
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Juli 2005, 181 p. [formato PDF, 5,39 MB].
"Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich daher mit der Kriminalität und der Angst vor
Kriminalität im Schienenverkehr insbesondere die Region Frankfurt RheinMain betreffend."
Claire Mayhew,
Preventing Assaults on Taxi Drivers in Australia.
(Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice ; 179).
Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra, November 2000, 6 p. [formato PDF, 49 kB].
"A range of preventive strategies can reduce the risk of assaults on taxi drivers, based on target hardening,
technological interventions, improved surveillance, and cashless technologies. These are discussed within the
paper along with issues relating to training and policy initiatives. It is suggested that a combination of
technical interventions and policy initiatives is most likely to reduce the risks."
SITI
Directorate-General for Energy and Transport in the European Commission,
Security in Transport & Energy.
Department for Transport (UK),
Crime and public transport.